tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36393359603004642642024-02-18T19:03:59.550-08:00QUIMICA Y EL LIDERLAS MARAVILLAS Y BELLEZA DE LA QUIMICA.......THE BEAUTY OF CHEMISTRYEMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.comBlogger194125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-81036833826242045622020-08-12T07:39:00.002-07:002020-08-12T07:39:28.891-07:00Sanitizer Technology<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sanitizer
Technology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #999999; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Posted
on May 22, 2020 by <a href="https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/author/george-deckner/"><span style="color: #b10820; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">George Deckner</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><i><span style="color: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prospector
Publications<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Photo of a woman using hand sanitizer - Learn more about sanitizers" border="0" height="400" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="600" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Global Hand Sanitizer Market size was valued at $919 million
in 2016 and is expected to reach $1,755 million by 2023 (1). These figures
however were calculated before the current health crisis and should be
substantially higher in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A hand sanitizer is an antiseptic solution used to reduce the
concentration of microorganisms on skin. Over-the-counter antiseptics are
classified by the FDA as washes and rubs and are regulated as OTC drugs by the
FDA (2). They must be registered and produced in FDA approved facilities.
Disinfecting cleansers are meant for treating hard, inanimate surfaces. They
are regulated and must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FDA classifications of antiseptics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wash products (also known
as antibacterial soaps) are intended for use with water and are rinsed off
after use, and include hand washes /soaps and body washes. The FDA
position is that these products have not yet been shown to be more
effective at preventing illness than plain soap and water and there
currently are no approved actives for this application FDA supports the
CDC’s recommendation to use plain soap and water to wash your hands.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rubs are leave-on
products, or hand “sanitizers,” as well as antiseptic wipes. These
products are intended to be used when soap and water are not available,
and are left on and not rinsed off with water. Rubs are further classified
by the FDA into health care and consumer antiseptics. Health care
antiseptics are primarily used by health care professionals in hospitals,
clinics, doctors’ offices, outpatient settings and nursing homes. Consumer
antiseptics are primarily used in the home, schools, daycares or other
public settings.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the
following are standard definitions of clean, sanitize, and disinfect (3).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clean – The process that
physically removes debris from the surface or area by scrubbing, washing,
and rinsing. It may be accomplished with soap or detergent and water.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sanitize – A product that
kills 99.9% of germs identified on its label. Sanitizers are used to
reduce, but not necessarily eliminate microorganisms from the inanimate
environment levels considered safe as determined by public health codes or
regulations.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disinfect – A product that
kills nearly 100% of germs identified on its label. Disinfectants are used
on hard inanimate surfaces and objects to destroy or irreversibly
inactivate infectious fungi and bacteria, but not necessarily their
spores. There are two major types of disinfectants: hospital and general
use. Hospital disinfectants are the most critical to infection control
while general disinfectants are typically used in households, swimming
pools, and water purifiers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<hr align="center" size="0" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Looking for hand sanitizers?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prospector can help you find the products you need for your next
formulation. Find technical data, request samples, and connect with global
suppliers in just a few clicks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.ulprospector.com/en/na/PersonalCare/search?k=hand+sanitizer&st=31" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b10820;">Search for ingredients on
Prospector</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<hr align="center" size="0" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hand sanitizers are included in the OTC category Antiseptic Hand
Wash or Healthcare Personnel Hand Wash category for products “designed for
frequent use” and intended to “reduce the number of transient micro-organisms
on intact skin.” This category also includes antimicrobial hand washes, which
serve the same purpose as hand sanitizers and differ only in that they require
water for use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1994 tentative final monograph lists topical antimicrobial
ingredients based on scientific data submitted to the FDA advisory review panel
to determine their safety and efficacy. The ingredients were placed into 3
categories (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Category I: GRASE
(generally recognized as safe and effective)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Category II: not GRASE<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Category III: cannot
determine if safe and effective; more data needed<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The only category I GRASE actives are Ethanol 60-95% and
PVP-Iodine 5-10%. Note, PVP-Iodine is brown in color and will stain the skin a
light brown color. Category III actives include Triclosan, Triclocarban,
Benzalkonium chloride, Benzethonium chloride and Parachlorometaxylenol. All
potential active ingredients for skin antiseptics, were placed into Category
III because the FDA has concluded that they lack either safety or efficacy data
sufficient for GRASE classification in hand sanitizers. The monograph currently
is only tentative, and manufacturers can market hand sanitizers based on
Category III ingredients. However, they are required by the FDA to submit
further safety and/or efficacy data to prevent these ingredients from being
excluded in the Final Monograph as GRASE active ingredients.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consumer antiseptic hand sanitizers are available as gels,
non-aerosol foams, wipes and sprays. The most popular forms are gels followed
by non-aerosol foams however the fastest growing form is foam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulating hand sanitizers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most common type of commercial hand sanitizers are gel
formulations which use 60-70% Ethanol thickened with ~.4% Acrylates/C10-30
Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer neutralized using ~.2% Aminomethyl Propanol (AMP).
Other suitable thickeners include Carbomer, Acrylates/Vinyl Isodecanoate
Crosspolymer, Polyacrylate Crosspolymer-11, Polyacrylate Crosspolymer-6,
Polyquaternium 37, Hydroxypropylcellulose, and Hydroxypropyl Guar. Non-aerosol
foam formulations are designed to be dispensed using pump foamer packages and
are comprised of 60-70% Ethanol and 2-5% surfactant. Choice of the surfactant
however is very critical since most will not produce a stable foam due to the
high alcohol content. The best types of surfactants for this application are
silicone based copolyols however there are numerous patents covering this
application.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/hand-sanitizer-market" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b10820;">https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/hand-sanitizer-market</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/topical-antiseptic-products-hand-sanitizers-and-antibacterial-soaps" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b10820;">https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/topical-antiseptic-products-hand-sanitizers-and-antibacterial-soaps</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b10820;">https://www.epa.gov/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/regulatory/region/northamerica/60657047.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #b10820;">https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/regulatory/region/northamerica/60657047.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-42636700751975849902020-02-15T20:46:00.000-08:002016-11-17T09:14:39.171-08:00SOLUCIONES QUIMICAS Y FORMULACIONESCuando necesite informacion sobre productos quimicos o formulaciones,<br />
escriba a mi correo <a href="mailto:emalaguti@gmail.com">emalaguti@gmail.com</a> y le respondere con gusto. De la misma manera <br />
podremos ayudarle con cualquier pregunta o duda sobre productos quimicos y procesos en general.EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-36601052750186750672019-01-22T10:32:00.002-08:002019-01-22T10:32:28.871-08:00Marble Crystallization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-71053341407198353612018-08-20T08:49:00.001-07:002018-08-20T08:49:26.305-07:00Purchasing Habits in JANSAN
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 30.6pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Droid Serif"; font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">An Examination Of The End Users' Purchasing Habits<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<hr align="center" noshade="" size="1" style="color: #dddddd;" width="100%" />
</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">BY
Dan Weltin, Editor-In-Chief</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sanitary
Maintenance, Contracting Profits, and Facility Cleaning Decisions magazines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">POSTED
ON: 8/20/2018<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When it comes to product purchasing, end users have a
plethora of options. New innovations flood the marketplace each year,
potentially making traditional methods of cleaning obsolete. In addition,
big-box stores, e-tailers and even manufacturers all compete with distributors
for building service contractor and in-house cleaning manager business. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To help shed light on the 2018 purchasing landscape,
Sanitary Maintenance tapped into research conducted by its sister publications:
Facility Cleaning Decisions’ “Annual Reader Survey,” as well as the “2018
Report On The Building Service Contractor Market” from Contracting Profits and </span><a href="https://www.bscai.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BSCAI</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">From this data, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">jan</span>/san
distributors still remain the biggest source of products for both building
service contractors and in-house cleaning managers — and by a wide
margin. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Despite the threat of e-tailers like </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/b2b/info/amazon-business?layout=landing" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Amazon Business</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, end users
don’t want to purchase their products online. BSCs only buy 5 <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">percent</span> of their products from an e-tailer, and
a quarter of BSCs don’t buy any of their products online, even from their
distributors. In-house cleaning managers are more likely to use e-commerce than
their BSC peers, but this ordering method is still less common than an
in-person, phone or email order.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The number of in-house departments increasing their
spending on products and equipment rose over 2017. When it comes to choosing
which products to buy and where to purchase them from, low prices still remain
less of a priority for in-house managers. Product performance, durability and
quality is once again the most important reason. Time and <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">labor</span> savings, ease of use, manufacturer dependability,
and distributor support are also more important than a cheap price. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not surprisingly, frequently used products such as can
liners, brooms, mops and chemicals remain some of the most purchased
products. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">However, nearly 20 <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">percent</span>
of BSCs are purchasing engineered water products, which is up from 13 <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">percent</span> in 2017. Despite the fact that more
contractors are embracing this technology, the amount of cleaners purchased
remains relatively unchanged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Battery equipment is also becoming more common, evidenced
by the fact that half of building service contractors and in-house cleaning
departments are purchasing equipment batteries. And with more battery-powered
backpack vacuums entering the market, corded equipment could eventually be
phased out <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">all together</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/2-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="What percentage of products (based on sales) do you purchase online from a distributor?"><img alt="What percentage of products (based on sales) do you purchase online from a distributor?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/2-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/3-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="What percentage of your products are green?"><img alt="What percentage of your products are green?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/3-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/4-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="Where do you purchase your products and equipment?"><img alt="Where do you purchase your products and equipment?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/4-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/5-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="What services do you receive from your distributor?"><img alt="What services do you receive from your distributor?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/5-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/6-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="With respect to your department, do you expect the following to increase, decrease or stay the same in 2018 (or does not apply)?"><img alt="With respect to your department, do you expect the following to increase, decrease or stay the same in 2018 (or does not apply)?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/6-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/7-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="What is important to you when purchasing products/equipment?"><img alt="What is important to you when purchasing products/equipment?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/7-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/8-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="Which products have you/will you purchase in the next 12 months?"><img alt="Which products have you/will you purchase in the next 12 months?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/8-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/9-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="Which of the following products have you bought or will buy in 2018?"><img alt="Which of the following products have you bought or will buy in 2018?" src="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/9-22764.jpg" style="max-width: 576px; width: 100%;" /></a><a href="https://www.cleanlink.com/resources/editorial/2018/9-22764.jpg" target="_blank" title="Which of the following products have you bought or will buy in 2018?"></a>EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-38021125500572990762018-03-16T07:42:00.002-07:002018-03-16T07:42:20.172-07:00BRANDING
<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Benefits Of Brand
Names<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Selling Commercial Versions Of Consumer Brands <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">BY Heather Larson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">What comes first, the product or the brand? It depends. In
1956, the permanent marker was invented, and then in 1964 along came the
Sharpie. Xerox quickly became the term used for any photocopying machine after
its introduction into the marketplace in 1959. More people ask for a Kleenex
than a tissue and Jell-o is synonymous with gelatin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">When it comes to products used in restrooms, many
recognizable consumer brands come in versions suitable for commercial cleaning.
Carrying these well-known brands can be advantageous to jan/san distributors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">When the decision-maker recognizes the brand, that can make
the buying decision easier, says Glenn Rasin, chemical specialist and lead
trainer for EBP Supply Solutions, Milford, Connecticut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Many distributors offer a variety of name-brand options for
soap, hand sanitizer, cleaning chemicals, paper towels, toilet tissue and other
restroom products. Most consumers have either used these brands at home or are
at least aware of them. But will restroom patrons notice these brands in a
commercial setting?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“I think the general public doesn’t realize they’ve seen the
brand names, but subliminally, they see it and recognize it,” says Jack
Loughrey, account manager at Dalco Enterprises Inc., New Brighton, Minnesota.
“I would bet, if you were shown flashcards with the brand logos without the
type, just the color and shape, you could identify many, if not most of them.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It’s the entire package of attributes — the logo, font,
design, colors, smell, price, etc. — that makes a product memorable. When
someone sees these famous-name products, it provides a sense of assurance, a
promise of sorts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sometimes a hint of this promise wafts through the scent or
when visualizing the color of the product. Either of these sensations creates a
level of comfort for the cleaning staff, says Rasin. They have familiarity with
this product. That comfort level comes from seeing literally decades of
commercials, ads and marketing efforts costing billions of dollars, he says. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not only do these products breed familiarity, but they have
also been proven effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“These brands are the leaders for many reasons,” says
Loughrey. “Performance and reliability are two of the most important
[attributes] for those who work directly with the products.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Custodial staff members appreciate when products perform as
advertised. They don’t like it when they have to work with inferior products
like paper towels that “tab” leaving bits of paper all over the floor, leaky
soap dispensers or paper towel dispensers that jam, says Loughrey. It means
extra work for them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A company’s brand name is one of its key assets so it has to
protect product quality. If something goes wrong, a company has a great deal to
lose. For example, Takata airbags are still being recalled. These airbags were
installed in millions of vehicles, making this a costly experience for Takata,
not just in terms of dollars, but in publicity. Perhaps not surprisingly,
Takata filed for bankruptcy in 2017. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Because well-known manufacturers do work upfront to ensure
product quality, distributors shouldn’t have to worry if the product will
perform when pitching it to clients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-85824294014788416002018-03-13T07:01:00.001-07:002018-03-13T07:01:05.189-07:00Floor Care Tips
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Floor Care Tips That Improve Perception Of Facilities<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Contributed by Kaivac.</span></em><span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<br />
Floor care is often the centerpiece of commercial cleaning. Floors make the
first impression on a building occupant when they walk into a facility, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">which
is why it is essential to make sure they are always properly cared for.<br />
<br />
Leon Fields, business development manager for Kaivac, offers the following tips
to making a lasting impression with floor care:<br />
<br />
• Know the flooring. If you don’t know what kind of flooring you’re dealing
with, you can damage it by using the wrong chemicals. If workers are unsure of
the flooring type, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">train
them to test chemical effectiveness in a inconspicuous area.<br />
<br />
• A shiny floor is a safe floor. Building occupants often think a shiny floor
is slippery. But cleaning professionals know that clean, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dirt-free
floors show the most shine and are less slippery floors with dirt on them. <br />
<br />
• Proper matting can pick up a significant amount of dirt and debris as people
enter the building. However, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">it’s also important
to clean entry mats as they get saturated.<br />
<br />
• High traffic areas need to be cleaned on a daily basis. While cleaners may be
able to get away with spot cleaning less frequented areas, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">high
traffic areas are also high visibility. <br />
<br />
• Stripping and restoring vinyl composition tile (VCT) is extremely labor
intensive, which is probably because many cleaners don’t let their stripper sit
long enough. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Like
any chemical, floor stripper needs time to work.<br />
<br />
• It is a common mistake for cleaners to use floor finish on floors that have
grout. According to Fields, finishes wont adhere well to these floors because
they are not flat. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Instead
of using finishes, he suggests keeping floors natural. <br />
<br />
• Less is more when cleaning carpets. Cleaning chemicals are designed to grab
dirt, and if excess chemical gets left in the carpet it will grab dirt from
shoes, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;">re-soiling
the carpet. Fields adds that most carpets can be cleaned with just hot water and
extraction.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-23961047842883380002018-02-27T08:27:00.001-08:002018-02-27T08:27:42.835-08:00Managing airborne bugs
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">With so much attention paid to
cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and items like linens, infection
control-minded facilities often over- look the source of more than one-third of
nosocomial infections — the air. Long-established airborne precautions are rarely
used in long-term care facilities, according to the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality. Experts advise how to reverse that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1.Understand the risks. Influenza
is by far the most prevalent airborne pathogen, and tuberculosis is the second
most serious, according to Gina Pugliese, RN, MS, FSHEA, vice president
emeritus of the Premier Safety Institute®. That's because the elderly are at
high risk of reactivation of an old, latent infection, and early symptoms are
not the usual cough and high fever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Other common airborne infections
include Norovirus, C. diff, MRSA, pneumonia, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
parainfluenza, coronavirus, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, disseminated shingles
and human metapneumovirus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Another surprise: Many of these
also can spread in other ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">“Illnesses transmitted through
the air occur when infectious agents spread via the airborne or droplet routes.
But contact with these germs can also spread these illnesses,” notes Deva Rea,
clinical science liaison for PDI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. Know your facility's
vulnerabilities. Airborne germs are opportunistic and seek weakness in places
like heating, venting, air-conditioning and water systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">“<i><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Legionella pneumophila</span></i> does
a great job of surviving in water and in ‘biofilms,' which can develop in water
pipes and other man-made devices,” notes Deb Patterson Burdsall, Ph.D., RN-BC,
CIC, FAPIC, an infection preventionist who also serves as faculty and author on
various projects related to long-term care for the Association for
Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ironically, the air itself is “a
central yet often overlooked transmission vector for dangerous pathogens,” says
Olivia Easly, marketing manager for Novaerus. And while airborne illnesses
typically find a path through coughing and sneezing, germs easily can be
aerosolized through such activities as bed making and vacuuming, she says.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Another vulnerability: group
activities. “These activities may increase communicable infectious disease
exposure and transmission,” Rea says. “The same is also true for occupational
and physical therapy activities.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. Housekeeping and maintenance
are vital to prevention. “Environmental service personnel are essential to
infection prevention. Regardless of the pathogen, good environmental cleaning
and disinfection are main prevention strategies,” Rea notes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Facility maintenance workers are
critical when dealing with certain airborne illnesses such as TB by providing
monitoring of airborne isolation rooms under negative pressure, she adds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Housekeepers should under- stand
that shaking soiled linens can aerosolize germs, advises Bill Brooks, North
American sales manager for UniMac®.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">4. Preparing a rapid response to
an emerging infection is critical. Pugliese notes that staff vigilance can
prevent widespread infection. That's why it's important to understand the
sometimes puzzling early symptoms of an illness such as TB. Once detected, “the
usual principles of airborne isolation apply, which require negative pressure
ventilation and t-tested respirators, per OSHA,” she adds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">“If an outbreak of any airborne-
related illness occurs, it may be necessary to restrict admissions, visitors,
and cohort residents with the same illness,” Rea says. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">5. Know how to protect your most
vulnerable residents. Immunocompromised residents can skew normal isolation
precautions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">"With some viral illnesses
such as influenza, RSV, norovirus and adenovirus, an immunocompromised patient
may shed the virus for longer periods of time,” observes Rea. “So it's
recommended to keep patients on isolation precautions for an extended
duration.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">6. It bears repeating: Caregivers
are often unwitting carriers and transmitters of airborne illnesses. That's why
training and adequate and plentiful personal protective equipment are
essential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Basic, sound personal hygiene
practices such as regular hand washing and staying home when sick should be
enforced. It's also not too late to receive a u shot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">As noted, coughed or sneezed
aerosolized droplets aren't the only way pathogens reach the lungs. Germs on
contaminated surfaces and hands have an insidious way of reaching the mouths
and noses of patients. As Easly reminds, “the CDC and WHO have declared hand
disinfection as the most important standard measurement of hand hygiene in
healthcare facilities as it can lead — if correctly performed — to a drastic
reduction of nosocomial infections.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mistakes to avoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. Relying on consumer-grade air
filtration. The germ- laden air of nursing homes calls for industrial strength solutions.
Consider air sterilization systems that eradicate, not filter, germs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. Overlooking vulnerable areas
and practices. Biofilm in standing water is a breeding ground for illnesses.
Shaking soiled linens can actually aerosolize numerous pathogens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. Neglecting to have air
isolation precautions, including negative pressure rooms, available when a
nasty airborne infection is first spotted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-68333925555894373772018-02-20T07:07:00.000-08:002018-02-20T07:07:38.527-08:00SCRUBBING VS STRIPPING
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Differentiating Between Stripping And Scrubbing Floors<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">"I get confused about stripping and scrubbing hard floors. What is the
difference?" <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Good question since it very important that you understand the difference.
We can only briefly touch on the process in this article. You might want to
check on past articles that go into the actual steps for these two processes.
Both processes in <u>it</u> simplest form, utilize a low speed, rotary floor
machine that using the appropriate pad. The primary differences between the two
tasks are the chemicals and pads used that are intended to achieve different
results. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Stripping is utilizing a high pH (9.5 - 11) chemical mixed in water that
emulsifies the floor finish (also called wax) with the goal of its complete
removal before new seal/finish is applied. In most cases, a black or brown
stripping pad is used to aggressively remove any finish that was not
immediately emulsified by the chemical. A neutralizer (think mild acid) may be
necessary for bringing the floor pH close to 7 before floor finish or seal is
applied. Please do not make the mistake that some people make of mixing a
"little stripper" in their daily mop water since it damages the
finish and may require complete stripping before it would have been necessary
if the correct mop products were used. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Scrubbing is utilizing the same type floor machine but different chemicals
(think 7.5 - 8.5) that have a detergency with the goal of removing the top
soiled layer of finish without damaging the base coats. Floor techs have their
preferences but in most cases, a blue or green scrubbing pad is utilized to
safely remove the finish. After rinsing with water, the floor will be ready for
more finish. Neutralizer is not necessary due to the low pH of the cleaner. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In today's green environment, you need to know whether you are using the
old traditional finishes with zinc or other metals or environmentally friendly
finishes that are not necessarily compatible with the old chemicals. That topic
is another article to consider. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Your comments and questions are important. I hope to hear from you soon.
Until then, keep it clean...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-15203686949197668282018-02-19T08:04:00.004-08:002018-02-19T08:04:49.710-08:00BIOFILMS<dir><span style="font-size: x-small;">
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and Their Impact on Cooling Towers</div>
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BY SIMONA VASILESCU</div>
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makes it much more difficult. The costume trapped warmth,<br />
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making it harder for the runner to cool down. This same prin ciple applies to water cooling systems coated in biofilm. The good news is that maintenance managers in charge of these systems have the power to take control of the situation.<br />
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There are three stages ofbiofilm development:<br />
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<span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Attachment: A biofilm </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">starts </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">when a few pioneer bacteria use specialized chemical hooks to adhere to a surface. This can occur in response to many factors, ranging from attachment sites present on the pipe surface, nutritional cues or sub inhibitory concentrations of stress factors such as biocides. It is thought that the first colonists of a biofilm adhere to the surface initially through weak Vander Waals forces and hydrophobic effects. Interestingly, the number of planktonic bacteria in the water does not correlate with either the for-</span></span></span></div>
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</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">What are biofilms?<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Many different types of planktonic (free-floating) bacteria can be found dispersed throughout water in a water cooling system. These come together to form a sessile aggregate, which adheres to the inside of the system's pipes. These attached bacteria then produce a matrix of </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">extracellular </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">polymeric substance (EPS), often referred to as </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">slime, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">covering them completely.</span></span></span><br />
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This matrix is a collection of DNA, proteins and polysac<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">charides that form a protective housing around bacteria, cre ating a safe space and preventing biocide treatment from reaching the bacteria. In </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">fact, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">bacteria in a biofilm are 10 to</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1,000 </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">times more resistant to treatment than in their plank</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><b>16 </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">INDUSTRIAL WATERWORLD NOVEMBER/DECEMBER </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">2017</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">2. Growth: Biofilms develop slowly at first because only a few organisms can attach, survive, grow and multiply. However, after this initial colonization, populations increase exponen tially as bacteria continue to multiply, increasing the thickness of the biofilm rapidly. Furthermore, other bacteria and non-living debris in the water adhere to the sticky biofilm matrix to join the colony and advance the biofilm. This means the biofilm often includes many different bacterial species, which contribute to the complex </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">slime </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">matrix.</span></span></span><br />
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3. Dispersal: Dispersal of bacteria from the biofilm colony is an essential stage of the biofilm life cycle, enabling its spread to other parts of a water cooling system. This happens when bacteria within the biofilm spontaneously secrete enzymes, such as dispersin B and deoxyribonuclease, to break out of the slime matrix and back into the water.<br />
This reverts some of the bacteria back to their free-floating planktonic state and thus free to start a new colony ofbiofilm elsewhere in the system. Researchers have tried to harness<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><a href="http://www.industrialww.com/"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2d2f2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">www.industrialww.com</span></span></span></a></div>
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Resilience<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><br /></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Once a biofilm has advanced, it forms a complex structure in which different bacteria occupy different environments. This sophisticated approach means bac<br />
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teria towards the outside of the commu<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">nity have a very different structure from those deep within the matrix. </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">It </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">is this diversity that adds to the stubbornness, as treatment will need to target many different physiologies.</span></span></span><br />
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A biocide may be effective against one</span></span></span></dir><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">bacterial strain while the other strains may remain unaffected. Without breaking down thiS complete protective layer, the bacteria will remain protected and free to multiply. Furthermore, the bacteria con tained within the matrix use quorum sensing, meaning they are constantly un dergoing genetic divergence. This gives biofilms phenomenal recovery and re growth abilities after </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">a </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">population hit, often caused by treatment attempts.</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">from the hot item to the cool water becomes much more difficult. It could be compared to someone trying to cool down but re fusing to remove their coat: </span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">it's </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">inefficient. A biofilm layer of just 0.1 mm can reduce efficiency so much that the associated electricity costs to power your plant can increase by a factor of four compared to a system containing the same thickness of</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Health Hazards </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #777777; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #777777; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #777777; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">·</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">The United States National Institutes of Health says that 80 percent of chronic infections are biofilm-related. This re search looked specifically at biofilms in side the body, but biofilms can also occur in many other places, including industrial cooling towers. They are associated with the spread of Legionella bacteria, which can cause Pontiac disease</span></span></span><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">or worse, Le gionnaire's disease, a potentially deadly form of pneumonia.</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">The problems occur because </span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">of </span></span></span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">amoe</span></span></span></dir><br />
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bae. These single-celled organisms join the biofilm colony and feed on the bacteria within it, including Legionella bacteria. The ingested Legionella then proliferate within the amoeba as it provides suitable conditions for the Legionella to multiply. This makes them a significant health haz ard in many industries and is why it is so important to manage and control the pres ence ofbiofilms.<br />
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Costly Coats<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Many industries with processes that de pend on heat being quickly removed from a production area rely on water cooling systems. If the water cooling system pipe is coated in biofilm, then the heat exchange<br />
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Biofilms often aren't considered as the cause of increased electrical costs, perhaps because they are rarely detected. Bioftlms are generally just a few microns thick, 100 times smaller than the cross section of a strand of hair, and plant managers are not actively looking for them. A water treatment specialist, however, can inspect cooling systems using the latest techniques and analyze samples to detect the presence of biofilms and advise on appropriate treatment.<br />
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Biofilms are also a leading cause of microbiological corrosion.<br />
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Biofilms can contain sulfite-reducing or iron-depositing bacteria that destroy steel, wreaking havoc on water cooling system pipes. This microbiological corro<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">sion is </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">1 0 </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">to </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">1,000 </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">times quicker to de</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">velop and </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">10 </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">to </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">100 </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">times more aggres</span></span></span><br />
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They can contain sulfite-reducing or iron-depositing bacteria that destroy steel, wreaking havoc on water cooling system pipes. Microbiological corrosion accounts for up to 50 percent of the total costs of corrosion to economy. Compared with standard corrosion, it is 10 to 1,000 times quicker to develop and is 10 to<br />
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100 times more aggressive. Ifleft untreated, this cari have costly<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><b>18 </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">INDUSTRIAL WATERWORLD NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2017</span></span></span><br />
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-leading to expensive repair work and downtime.<br />
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Breaking Down the Protective Layer<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">A treatment that breaks down the complex biofilm mech</span></span></span><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">anism, exposing the bacteria hiding within, is critical. NCH Europe's Water Treatment Innovation Platform has developed a patented liquid-based treatment called BioeXile that has been designed to keep up with the diverse and resilient matrix of biofilms and to destroy it. The exposed bacteria can then be treated with biocide, preventing them from going on to recolonize.</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">Unlike completing the London Marathon in a camel costume, there's no sense of accomplishment for a cooling tower working extra hard. By treating biofilms, you are removing an unnec essary and costly insulating layer, allowing the cooling tower to work more efficiently, reducing the risks associated with Legionella, and addressing the problems of microbiological corrosion outlined above. </span></span></span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">liMN</span></span></span></b><br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">About the Author: Dr. Simona Vasilescu has worked </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">at </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">NCH Europe for 18 years</span></span></span><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">the </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">last </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">three </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">as </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">product and market</span></span></span><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">ing </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">manager </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">on </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">the Water Treatment Innovation Platform. </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">She </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">graduated from the University of Bucharest with </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">a </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">biochem istry degree </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">and </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">finalized her PhD in molecular biology </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; 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References<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span></span><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Monroe, D</span></span></span><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">"Looking </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">for Chinks in </span></span></span><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #484848; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">the </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Armor of Bacterial Biofilms," PLoS Biology,</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">5(11): </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">e307, November 2007</span></span></span><span style="color: #c1c1c1; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #c1c1c1; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #c1c1c1; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"></span></span><a href="http://www.industrialww.com/"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">www.industrialww.com</span></span></span></a></div>
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<br />EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-65242985014958891542018-02-19T07:58:00.002-08:002018-02-19T07:58:29.717-08:00HOW MUCH FOR QUALITY ?<span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCnd; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCnd; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
20 QUALITY | October 2013 www.qualitymag.com</div>
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“The Cost of Quality.” For seven minutes the audience</div>
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in materials (and, too often, life) were calculated on</div>
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The video powerfully illustrates cost of quality. But</div>
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what does cost of quality really mean? To answer the</div>
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question, let’s take a step back. Define quality. Take a</div>
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moment to ponder.</div>
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A visit to Dictionary.com will bring us to the</div>
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following list:</div>
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qual·i·ty (kwoliti)</div>
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1. an essential or distinctive characteristic, property,</div>
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or attribute: the chemical qualities of alcohol.</div>
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2. character or nature, as belonging to or distinguishing</div>
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a thing: the quality of a sound.</div>
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3. character with respect to fineness, or grade of excellence:</div>
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food of poor quality; silks of fine quality.</div>
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4. high grade; superiority; excellence: wood grain</div>
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of quality.</div>
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5. a personality or character trait: kindness is one of</div>
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her many good qualities.</div>
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Character. Nature. Excellence. Did any of these</div>
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terms appear in your definition of quality? While</div>
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most of us can identify what a quality product or</div>
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service is, it is often more difficult to convey that</div>
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to someone else. How many times have you—as a</div>
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quality professional—when a person asks you what</div>
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quality is, allowed the asker to supply the answer</div>
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and then filled in the gaps? That’s fairly common</div>
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with ASQ members. In fact, in recent informal polls</div>
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on ASQ social media, when asked “what is quality?”</div>
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a number of visitors answered “whatever the customer</div>
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says it is.”</div>
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The customer will generally relate quality to the</div>
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way in which a product works. While a good starting</div>
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point, quality is not only what a product is but</div>
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also what a methodology or tool does. This is certainly</div>
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the way a quality professional must think.</div>
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Stating what quality “does for me” is not only a</div>
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way of explaining to family, neighbors and coworkers</div>
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but a means of justifying its importance to</div>
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senior management.</div>
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So, where are we in our quest to define quality?</div>
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Quality is:</div>
</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Waste reduction</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Continuous improvement (which might include</span></span></div>
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process improvement)</div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Performance excellence (there’s that word excellence)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Product safety</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Service delivery</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Exceeding customer expectations</span></span></div>
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Depending on what you are trying to do, quality will</div>
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mean something different to you.</div>
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With quality more or less defined, we can finally</div>
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turn to cost of quality. With the multiple quality definitions</div>
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in circulation, it is no wonder cost of quality</div>
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is defined in different ways. Unlike the definition of</div>
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quality, however, many of the terms used to define</div>
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cost of quality are incorrect.</div>
</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
WHAT IS COST OF QUALITY?</div>
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Cost of quality is often thought of as the price of</div>
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creating a quality product. While on the surface</div>
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this appears to make sense, this definition is absolutely</div>
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incorrect.</div>
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In actuality, the cost of quality is the cost of NOT</div>
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creating a quality product or service. What is the</div>
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difference? The former (incorrect) definition covers</div>
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product/service costs only. Cost of quality covers any</div>
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cost that would not have been expended if quality</div>
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were perfect.</div>
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In 1999, ASQ Quality Costs Committee</div>
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published the third edition of “Principles of Quality</div>
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<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Costs: Principles, Implementation, and Use” </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">(</span></span></i><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">ed.</span></span></div>
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Jack Campanella, ASQ Quality Press), beginning</div>
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the book with references to costs associated</div>
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with quality.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Prevention Costs—The costs of activities specifically</span></span></div>
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designed to prevent poor quality in products</div>
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or services.</div>
</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Appraisal Costs—The costs associated with measuring,</span></span></div>
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evaluating, or auditing products or services to</div>
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ensure conformance to quality standards and performance</div>
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requirements.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Glypha-Thin; font-size: xx-small;">• </span></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Failure Costs—The costs resulting from products or</span></span></div>
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services not conforming to requirements or customer/</div>
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user needs. Failure costs are divided into internal</div>
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and external failure categories.</div>
</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #a3988b; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><span style="color: #a3988b; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><span style="color: #a3988b; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><div align="LEFT">
WHAT DOES</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura-Heavy;"><div align="LEFT">
(COST OF) QUALITY MEAN?</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: white; font-family: Futura-Book; font-size: small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Futura-Book; font-size: small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Futura-Book; font-size: small;"><div align="LEFT">
MANY OF THE TERMS USED TO DEFINE COST OF QUALITY ARE INCORRECT.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b6111a; font-family: Futura; font-size: small;"><div align="LEFT">
SPEAKING OF QUALITY</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
020-QM1013-CLMN-ASQ.indd 20 9/17/13 3:33 PM</div>
</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCnd; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCnd; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
www.qualitymag.com October 2013 | QUALITY 21</div>
</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
Moving Quality to the Point of Production</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
The 4.5.4 SF excels in the harsh environment of machine shops and manufacturing cells.</div>
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Place it where accurate dimensional inspection is needed.</div>
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Learn more about the effect of thermal conditions on measurement accuracy at</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #0098bb; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;">www.HexMet.us/qm1013 </span></span></span><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;">or call 800.274.9433 to see all the 4.5.4 SF has to offer.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;"><br />
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<span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProRegular; font-size: xx-small;">
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We are Hexagon Metrology.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratProBold; font-size: x-large;"><div align="LEFT">
WE ARE</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><i><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratLightProItalic;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratLightProItalic;"><span style="color: #58595b; font-family: AkkuratLightProItalic;"><div align="LEFT">
SHOP FLOOR</div>
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To view a demo of the 4.5.4 SF, scan this</div>
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code or visit www.HexMet.us/qm1013a.</div>
</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
• Internal Failure Costs—Failure costs occurring prior to</div>
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delivery or shipment of the product, or the furnishing of a</div>
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service, to the customer.</div>
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• External Failure Costs—Failure costs occurring after delivery</div>
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or shipment of the product —and during or after furnishing</div>
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of a service—to the customer.</div>
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• Total Quality Costs—The sum of the above costs. This</div>
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represents the difference between the actual cost of a</div>
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product or service and what the reduced cost would be if</div>
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there were no possibility of substandard service, failure</div>
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of products, or defects in their manufacture.</div>
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Yes, this is a daunting list of costs. But quality is essential.</div>
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There is a cost to attaining and improving quality, but there</div>
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is a bigger cost in failing to produce quality work. Don’t allow</div>
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a definition to get in the way of your work. You know what</div>
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quality is. Achieve it!</div>
</span><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCndItal; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-BookCndItal; font-size: xx-small;"><div align="LEFT">
You can fi nd more about cost of quality, including free articles and case</div>
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studies, at http://asq.org/cost-of-quality/index.html.</div>
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020-QM1013-CLMN-ASQ.indd 21 9/17/13 3:33 PM</div>
</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><div align="LEFT">
Copyright of Quality is the property of BNP Media and its content may not be copied or</div>
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emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written</div>
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permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.</span><br /></span><br />EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-45067814955074463942018-02-19T07:56:00.002-08:002018-02-19T07:56:35.323-08:00ODORS IN WASTEWATER <b><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;">Feature Report<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;">Odor </span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;">· </span></span></span><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;">lss</span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial;">u</span></span></span><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;">es and Solutions for Wastewater Treatment</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #151515; font-family: Arial;">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Increasingly, wastewater treatment plants must address odors due to volatile contaminants. This guide provides an overview of odor causes and possibl</span></span></span><span style="color: #7e777e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #7e777e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #7e777e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">_</span></span></span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">e remedial actions</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
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chemical process industries (CPI).<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In</span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">' </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">many cases, including wastewa ter treatment plants ryvwTPs), paper mills, asphalt refineries and other op erations, large volumes of odor-caus ing compounds are generated, and residents of the areas surrounding the facility can be exposed.</span></span></span><br />
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In the past, these odors were less of an issue because most industrial facili ties tended to be located at consider-<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><b>FIGURE 1. </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Wastewater treatment plants can be sources of odor-caus</span></span></span><br />
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ing gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercaptans and others<br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> <br />
</span><br /></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">abledistances from large residential areas. In more recent times, however, there has been an increase in the number of industrial op erations that are located within or near small towns and even large cities. When local resi dents constantly smell these industrial pro cesses, unhappy neighborhoods are gener ally the result.<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The collective voice of the public is now often strong, and has resulted in new regu lations regarding odors and odor control at industrial facilities. Many industries can no longer produce odors without facing the consequences of either constant com plaints, or fines from federal, state and local authoritiesIn addition to being a nuisance</span></span></span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">these foul odors can pose a health and safety concern for the community, especially at high concentrations.</span></span></span><br />
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Furthermore, increases in population and associated industrial growth have driven an increase in the amount of waste requiring processing, and a subsequent increase in the odor problem.<br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">This article provides information about common odor-causing compounds and about possible methods for controlling those odo</span></span></span><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">r</span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">s, with a particular focus on WWTPs.</span></span></span><br />
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Odors and health hazards<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In general, odors are subjective, so that a<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">part</span></span></span><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383852; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">i</span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">cular type of odor may bother one per</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">son while having little or no impact on an other. The odor threshold is the minimum concentration of an odorous compound that is necessary to be detected by 50% of the population </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[1].</span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In principle, all chemicals can theoreti cally be toxic at high enough concentra tions</span></span></span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">For instance, water is not normally considered toxic</span></span></span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">However, drinking an ex cessive amount of water under certain cir cumstances can create a condition called hyponatremia </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[2]. </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A similar situation applies to the concentration of odorous gases</span></span></span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">At low concentrations (parts per billion</span></span></span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">; </span></span></span><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">ppb), some gases can be detected by most hu mans. However, those gases are not toxic</span></span></span><br />
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Laura Haupert<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2f2f2f; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">OMI Industries<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>IN BRIEF </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">ODORS AND HEALTH H</span></span></span><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">AZA</span></span></span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">RDS</span></span></span><br />
<dir><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">WASTEWATER TR</span></span></span><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #826075; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">EAT</span></span></span><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">MENT PLANT ODORS</span></span></span><br />
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ODOR REMEDIATION METHODS<br />
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APPROACHES</span></span></span></dir><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #67316e; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
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<b><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">TABLE 1. COMMON ODOR-CAUSING COMPOUNDS AT CPI FACILITIES</span></span></span></b></dir><b><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span></b></dir><b><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="29" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Substance</b></span></span></span></td>
<td height="29" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Odor </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">threshold</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><b>(ppm)</b></span></span></span></td>
<td height="29" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Characteristic </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">odor</span></span></span></b></td>
<td height="29" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">TWAc </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(ppm)</span></span></span></b></td>
<td height="29" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">IDUfd </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(ppm)</span></span></span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="45" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Ammoniaa</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">46.8</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pungent</i></span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">25</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">300</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="45" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Benzeneb</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">37</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Solvent</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">500</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="43" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Ethyl mercaptana</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">0.001</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Earthy, sulfide</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">0.5</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">500</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="43" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Hydrogen sulfidea</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">0.00047</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Rotten egg</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">10</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">100</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="43" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Methyl mercaptana</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">0.0021</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Sulfide, pungent</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">0.5</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">150</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="44" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Styrene"</span></span></span></td>
<td height="44" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">1.9</span></span></span></td>
<td height="44" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Aromatic</span></span></span></td>
<td height="44" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">50</span></span></span></td>
<td height="44" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">700</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="45" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Toluenee</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">2</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">9</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Sour, solvent</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">10</span></span></span></td>
<td height="45" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Courier New; font-size: xx-small;">500</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td height="43" valign="TOP" width="25%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Trichloroethyleneb</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="20%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">21</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="21%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Solvent</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="16%">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">25</span></span></span></td>
<td height="43" valign="TOP" width="18%">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1,000</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" height="81" valign="TOP">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">a.</span></span></span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1969.10466465"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">http</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">:</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">//dx.doi.org/10</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">1080/00022470.1969.10466465 </span></span></span></a><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">b.https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfrn?deid=4061O&CFID=79236647&CFTOKEN=90216829 c.</span></span></span><a href="http://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-2.html"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">https:/lwww.osh</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">a</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><a href="http://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-2.html"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-2.html </span></span></span></a><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/longdev/oldfiles/idlhabb3.html"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">d.https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/longdev/oldfiles/idlhabb3.html </span></span></span></a><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">e.</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">http$:/</span></span></span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documentsltoluene.pdf"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">lwww.ep</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">a</span></span></span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documentsltoluene.pdf"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documentsltoluene</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">pdf</span></span></span></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<div align="RIGHT">
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">until the concentrations reach low parts-per-million (ppm) levels. Unfor tunately, many industrial processes produce odorous gases at concen trations that are both a nuisance and that can present real health hazards. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mer captans and volatile organic com pounds (VOCs) are examples of odorous gases that may be pro.: duced in the processes of several types of industrial facilities, including (but not limited to) WVVTPs</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">asphalt refineries, hot mix plants, landfills,</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
<br />
farms and others.<br />
<br />
Table 1 lists several common odorous gases associated with these industry sectors. The table in cludes odor thresholds, characteris tic odor, time-weight average (TWA) and immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels for each gas. The TWA represents the concentra tion of a given chemical that will not cause adverse effects when the ex posure reaches eight hours per day. In most cases, the TWA is higher than the odor threshold; meaning that you can smell the odor before there is any potential hazard. The IDLH is the level at which a chemical can cause death or permanent ad verse health effects. Notice that the<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> <br />
</span><br /></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">IDLH is a higher concentration than the odor threshold for most of these chemicals. However, in the case of hydrogen sulfide, the human nose can become desensitized to the gas at </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">concentrations </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">lower than the IDLH. This means that humans may not smell the hydrogen sulfide at lev els where rt can cause severe harm or death.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The following descriptions cover several of the most common odor ous gases </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">found </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">in the CPl. </span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ammonia. </span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ammonia </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">is </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">a colorless gas that is highly irritating with a pungent odor at room temperatures. It is soluble in water, corrosive, and has alkaline properties. It can cause hoarseness, violent coughing, pain ful breathing, impaired vision, dys pnea and cyanosis when exposed to high levels [3].</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Hydrogen sulfide. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Hydrogen sulfide</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">is a highly flammable, extremely haz ardous gas that has a characteristic "rotten egg" smell. Hydrogen sulfide has an odor threshold of 0.00047 ppm, meaning that 50% of a human panel can smell it at that low of a concentration </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[4]. </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">At a concentration of around 150 ppm, olfactory nerves can become paralyzed, resulting in humans having the sense that the</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">smell </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">disappears. Hydrogen sulfide is lethal at 70G-1,000 ppm within minutes [5-7]. A complication with hydrogen sulfide is that your </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">sense </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">of smell disappears at only 150 ppm. Therefore, one could be· exposed to higher levels of hydrogen sulfide and not know that it is present. It </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">is </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">sol uble in water, corrosive and toxic to both humans and the environment. </span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Mercaptans </span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Mercaptans, such as ethyl mercaptan, </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">are </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">compounds that contain a carbon-bonded sulfhy dryl group (-G-SH or R-SH, where R represents an alkane, alkene or other carbon-containing group of atoms). Mercaptans are flammable, have strong odors, and can be detected by the human nose </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">at </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">concentrations in the parts per billion range. Ethyl mercaptan is intentionally added to propane at low concentrations in order to help warn of a potential gas leak. At higher concentrations</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">ac cording to OSHA (U.S</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Occupational Safety and Heatth Administration; Washington, D.C.; www.osha.gov) regulations, ethyl mercaptan </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">is </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">clas sified as an acute toxic material for oral ingestion and inhalation, as well as for skin sensitization [8].</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>VOCs. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">VOCs, such as styrene, tolu</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">ene and trichloroethylene, are or ganic chemicals that have high vapor pressures at room temperature. Their high vapor pressure allows them to either evaporate or sublime, respec tively, from a liquid or </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">solid </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">to a gas. Hazardous VOCs present safety con cerns, because they can be flamma ble, can cause cancer and chronic health effects, and may be lethal at certain concentrations. For example, toluene is a VOC found in many in dustrial applications, including both wastewater treatment plants and asphalt refineries. It has a high odor threshold of 2.9 ppm, which indi cates that the presence of the odor may not be a good judge of safety for this chemical. Toluene poses a safety concern, as it presents acute toxicity hazards for oral ingestion. It is also a skin and eye irritant</span></span></span><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #707070; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">and it may cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. With an odor similar to paint thinner, it is an aromatic hydrocarbon, and is insoluble in water [9].</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
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</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><b>FIGURE </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">2. Odorcremoval methods, such as the vapor-line system shown here, involve treating the air that contains the odor-causing species</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">causing compounds. Industrial sources often cause concern because the waste can contain a number of toxic chemicals. Other odor-causing chemicals do not di rectly come into a VVWTP from house holds or industrial sources. They are generated by anaero bic biological activity that consume the or ganic material found in the wastewater.<br />
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One of the most<br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">leased from the wastewater [10]. In addition, chemical reagents used at WWTP for treatment may be odor ous and can produce odors during the treatment process. Common emissions from WWTP include hy drogen sulfide, mercaptans, VOC</span></span></span><span style="color: #6e6e6e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #6e6e6e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #6e6e6e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">ammonia and some nitrogen con taining compounds.</span></span></span><br />
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At WWTPs, compounds are only<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">noticeably odorous if the compound is volatilized into the air. For exam ple, hydrogen sulfide dissolved into wastewater has little odor. How ever, turbulence </span></span></span><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">in </span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">the wastewater, increased temperature, solubility changes and pH changes can all cause compounds, such as hydro</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Odors at WWTPs<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Wastewater treatment plants<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0/VWTPs) generate odors during many of their normal processes, in cluding collection, treatment and disposal (Figure 1). Incoming waste includes both household and </span></span></span><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">indus </span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">trial sources, which both contain a number of different types of odor-</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">common odorous gases found in WWTP is hydrogen sulfide (H</span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2</span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">S). It is produced in wastewater by the re</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">duction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas by bacteria. At a pH above nine, the hydrogen sulfide is in the form of hydrosulfide ion (HS-)</span></span></span><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">which does not have an odor</span></span></span><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">However, at pH below nine, hydrogen sulfide is re-</span></span></span><br />
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</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">to be the primary settlers, sludge<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">digestions tanks, sludge thickening, dewatering areas, raw wastewater, centrifugation and disposal systems </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">[11]. </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Overall, two of the main contrib utors to odors are the primary treat ments and sludge-handling areas. At this point, WWTPs have to consider what type of odor control to use.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Odor remediation methods </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">WWTPs can use a variety of meth ods to remove odors. The main odor control categories into which these methods fall are the following: oper ation control methods, liquid-phase addition and vapor-phase methods (Figure 2).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Operation control methods. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Op</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">eration control methods involve changing a process or operation in order to reduce the odors. Operators can help prevent offensive odors by maintaining the correct dissolved oxygen concentration, for example, or by preventing excess sludge from degrading, preventing overloading and many other simple maintenance techniques. However, operators are often limited in what changes they can make and may lack the resources to make the necessary changes. If operators </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">·are </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">unable to make changes to these processes, or the changes do not fix the odor problem, then they may look to other methods of odor control.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Liquid-phase addition. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Liquid</span></span></span><br />
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<br />
phase addition involves adding a chemical to the wastewater in order to control the odors. The chemical addition may either prevent odor causing chemicals from forming or may react with the odorous com pounds to produce a safer, non odor-causing species. Engineers may be able to take advantage of other benefits with this technique; namely, corrosion control. For in stance, hydrogen sulfide will react with many of the liquid-phase chemi cals, resulting in hydrogen sulfide not being released into the air stream. Therefore, hydrogen sulfide will not corrode the WWTP equipment.<br />
<br />
Liquid-phase chemicals include,<br />
<br />
but are not limited to, oxidizers, pH modifiers and bactericides. Oxidizers typically react with hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds. Bac-<br />
<br />
tericides work by either inactivating<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">or killing anaerobic bacteria. The pH modifiers tend to prevent the hydro gen sulfide from volatizing into the air. The most common chemicals added to the wastewater are iron salts, ozone, nitrates, chlorine and hydrogen peroxide</span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
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</span></span><br />
<b><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
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Vapor-phase approaches<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vapor-phase methods involve the treatment of the air or vapor that con tains the odorous compounds. There are many different vapor-phase tech nologies that WWTPs utilize, includ ing, but not limited to, scrubbers, bio filtration, activated carbon, masking agents and natural odor control using plant oils as the active ingredients to neutralize the odors. Below is a brief summary of the basic way each of these methods works.<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Wet scrubbers. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Wet scrubbers</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">pump the contaminated air into an aqueous solution before it goes to the ambient air. The odorous com pounds go into the liquid, and then the odor-causing chemicals react with the </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">solution. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Wet scrubbers typically use sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide or sodium hydroxide in the aqueous solution. If hydrogen sulfide is the main odor </span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">·</span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">concern, sodium hydroxide is often used. However, if mercaptans or ammonia are also present, then a multi-stage scrubber is used, with both sodium hydroxide and </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">sodium </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">hypochlorite utilized in separate stages.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Biofiltration. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Biofiltration uses soil,</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">compost or some other material, such as a substrate for baCteriologi cal population. The microbes remove odors from the air through the media. In order for the microbes to interact with the odorous compounds, there must be a large residence time in the media. By lowering the velocity of the air going through the media, longer residence times result. Biofil tration works on odors that are both biodegradable and water-soluble, including hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur-containing compounds</span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">They do not work effectively on chemicals containing nitrogen.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Activated carbon. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Activated car</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
<br />
bon works by having the contami<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">nated air </span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">stream pass through this</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
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adsorbent material. Activated car<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">bon is porous, with a large surfac area, which allows it to adsorb the odorous chemicals in the air stream. While activated carbon works wel on sulfur-containing compounds</span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">it is not as effective at treating nitrogen based compounds [12].</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Masking agents. </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Masking agents</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">are chemicals that are sprayed into the air to cover up the odors pro duced at the WWTP. Masking agents use fragrances to cover up the odors. They often work by adhering to the outside of the odor molecule. After a short period, the fragrance and the odor separate, leaving the odor be hind. While masking agents give an immediate cover to the odor</span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">the odor will eventually return. As a result, not everyone in nearby communities will be happy with the overall outcome. </span></span></span><b><i><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Natural solutions. </span></span></span></i></b><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Finally</span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">natura odor control solutions can fully neu tralize odors, and are atomized or vaporized into the air. These odor control products contain natural plant oils, food-grade surfactant and water, and are both safe for the environment and the local community. When the natural odor control product is atom ized into the air, small droplets </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">are </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">produced that cover a large surface area and attract </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">odorous </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">gas mol ecules through elec::trostatic charges. The electrostatic </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">charge </span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">also facili tates the attraction of malodor mol ecules to the droplet surface whereby they absorb into the droplet. Once the malodor is in the droplet, odor neutralization occurs. The malodor then either naturally biodegrades in the droplet or an acid/base reaction takes place, producing a non-hazard ous organic-satt and water.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
<br />
Natural odor-control solutions often<br />
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">use plant oils. These products have the capability of neutralizing a broad spectrum of odorous chemicals, in cluding hydrogen sulfide, mercap tans, VOCs, ammonia and amines. These solutions can be atomized irito the air at WWTPs via air atomization systems, hollow bladed fans or by va por-phase </span></span></span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #646464; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">·</span></span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">systems. The air atomiza tion systems use water and nozzles to atomize the product into the air. The nozzle system can be suited to most applications at a WWTP. ·</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For
the second year in a row, Baltimore tops Orkin’s Top 50 Bed Bug Cities list.
New York fell four spots, while Dallas-Fort Worth joined the top 10. San Diego
and Albany rejoin the list, after falling out of the top 50 in 2017, and New
Orleans and Flint, Mich. join the list for the first time ever while Orlando
has fallen off the list.<br />
<br />
The list is based on treatment data from the metro areas where Orkin performed
the most bed bug<br />
<br />
1. Baltimore <br />
2. Washington, D.C.<br />
3. Chicago <br />
4. Los Angeles (+2)<br />
5. Columbus, Ohio<br />
6. Cincinnati (+2)<br />
7. Detroit <br />
8. New York (-4)<br />
9. San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose<br />
10. Dallas-Fort Worth (+5)<br />
11. Indianapolis<br />
12. Philadelphia<br />
13. Atlanta (+3)<br />
14. Cleveland-Akron-Canton, Ohio (-1)<br />
15. Raleigh-Durham, N.C. (-3)<br />
16. Richmond-Petersburg, Va. (-5)<br />
17. Houston<br />
18. Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, Va. (+2)<br />
19. Charlotte, N.C. (-3)<br />
20. Buffalo, N.Y. (-2)<br />
21. Knoxville, Tenn. <br />
22. Nashville, Tenn. (+1)<br />
23. Grand Rapids-Kalamazoo-Battle Creek, Mich. (+4)<br />
24. Pittsburgh <br />
25. Greenville-Spartanburg, S.C.-Asheville, N.C. <br />
26. Champaign-Springfield-Decatur, Ill. (+4)<br />
27. Phoenix (-1)<br />
28. Denver (-6)<br />
29. Milwaukee <br />
30. Hartford-New Haven, Conn. (+1)<br />
31. Charleston-Huntington, W.Va. (+5)<br />
32. Boston (-4)<br />
33. Syracuse, N.Y. (+7)<br />
34. Dayton, Ohio (-2)<br />
35. St. Louis (+2)<br />
36. Seattle (-2)<br />
37. Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. (+9)<br />
38. Flint-Saginaw-Bay City, M.I. (new to list)<br />
39. Omaha, N.E. (-6)<br />
40. Cedar Rapids-Waterloo-Dubuque, Iowa (-2)<br />
41. San Diego (new to list)<br />
42. Lexington, Ky. (+1)<br />
43. Honolulu, Hawaii (+5)<br />
44. Louisville, Ky. (-3)<br />
45. Las Vegas (+4)<br />
46. Greensboro-High Point-Winston Salem, N.C. (-4)<br />
47. New Orleans (new to list)<br />
48. Myrtle Beach-Florence, S.C. (-9)<br />
49. Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla. (-14)<br />
50. Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y. (new to list) <br />
<br />
“The number of bed bug infestations in the United States is still rising,” says
Dr. Tim Husen, an Orkin entomologist. “They continue to invade our homes and
businesses on a regular basis because they are not seasonal pests, and only
need blood to survive.”<br />
<br />
Bed bugs are always in motion. They travel from place to place with ease,
including luggage, clothing and other belongings. In addition to single family
homes, bed bugs can be found in apartments, hotels, hospitals and public places
like daycare centers, public transit, schools and offices. <br />
<br />
According to a 2015 “Bugs without Borders Survey” by the National Pest
Management Association, the top three places where pest professionals report
finding bed bugs are apartments/condominiums (95 percent), single-family homes
(93 percent) and hotels/motels (75 percent).<br />
<br />
“Any type of home is prone to bud begs. It has nothing to do with sanitation.
We have treated for bed bugs everywhere, from newly built upscale homes to
public housing,” Husen says.<br />
<br />
Bed bugs are capable of rapid population growth with an adult female laying two
to five eggs per day (up to 500 in her lifetime), often making treatment
challenging. Adult bed bugs are about the size of an apple seed and are
typically reddish brown. Their small size and ability to hide make them
difficult to see during the day, so it’s important to look for the black,
ink-like stains they can leave behind.<br />
<br />
Bed bugs cannot be completely prevented so early detection is critical. To help
detect bed bugs, Orkin recommends the following:<br />
<br />
• Survey areas for signs of an infestation. Be on the lookout for tiny,
ink-colored stains on mattress seams, in soft furniture and behind headboards.<br />
• Lift and look in bed bug hiding spots: the mattress, box spring, and
other furniture, as well as behind baseboards, pictures and even torn
wallpaper.<br />
• Decrease clutter to make it easier to spot bed bugs on your own or
during professional inspections.<br />
• Dry potentially infested bed linens, towels and curtains on the hottest
temperature allowed for the fabric.<br />
<br />
Bed bugs are an elusive threat, as they can reproduce quickly and travel on
your belongings, so it’s critical to detect and treat for them as early as
possible. Anyone who suspects a bed bug infestation should contact a pest
management professional immediately.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-56981672044575985572018-02-09T10:42:00.001-08:002018-02-09T10:42:21.938-08:00SUPER BUGS<br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 25pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Experts Find Superbugs In Unexpected Places</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hospital plumbing
is a “vast” reservoir of drug-resistant superbug germs, which share their
superpowers with other bacteria down there, researchers reported Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Checks of the
plumbing at the National Institutes of Health’s flagship hospital outside
Washington, D.C. show drains can be loaded with dangerous bacteria. It’s likely
other hospitals have the same problem, the NIH researchers said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">And they’re
breeding down there, passing along their drug-resistant properties to other
species of germs on little cassettes of genetic material called plasmids, the
study found.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The good news is
that the superbugs are not common elsewhere in the hospitals. And they are
unlikely to be a threat to the general public.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> A doctor washes his hands. Science
Photo Library / Getty Images<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">But it’s good for
hospitals to be aware of the potential problem and get out ahead of it, the NIH
team said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“We are not
trying to send a scary message to people in their kitchens,” said Dr. Karen
Frank, chief of microbiology at NIH’s clinical center hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The NIH began a
big investigation into where germs live in hospitals after </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/11/1593/305455"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">an outbreak of
antibiotic-resistant </span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">infections </span><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/teen-saved-transplant-killed-superbug-nih-hospital-n225496"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">killed
7 patients</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> at the Clinical Center in 2011-2012.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The bug involved
was </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/what-cre-why-do-people-catch-it-n308881"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. They produce an enzyme called carbapenamase, which
disables the “last resort” carbapenem calls of antibiotics.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="https://media3.s-nbcnews.com/j/newscms/2018_06/2318676/180206-health-hospital-sink-washing-hands-se-142p_7632eec91d7b1ae44d4598a1859193da.fit-600w.jpg" border="0" height="401" src="file:///C:/Users/emilio/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" style="cursor: move; height: 4.175in; width: 6.25in;" unselectable="on" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="600" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Related: </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/nightmare-bacteria-superbug-found-first-time-u-s-n581096"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">Nightmare superbug found in U.S.</span></span></a></span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">It’s still not
entirely clear how the vulnerable patients became infected in every case, but
clinical center officials thought it was important to try to find out.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">They discovered
many of the bugs were </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/sex-sink-gene-swapping-bacteria-are-making-new-superbugs-n205751"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">living
in the plumbing</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, and scrubbed out sink drains. And an independent team
found that the bacteria can </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/study-tracks-how-superbugs-splash-out-hospital-sink-drains-n725426"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">splash
back out of sink drains.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bacteria can </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/study-tracks-how-superbugs-splash-out-hospital-sink-drains-n725426"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">splash
back out of sink drains.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A second NIH
survey, published </span><a href="http://mbio.asm.org/content/9/1/e02011-17.full"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">in
the journal mBio</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, finds the superbug germs are not very common in places
where patients might touch, such as bed rails, counters, doorknobs or
wheelchairs. Just 1 percent of samples had bacteria with carbapenem resistance,
they reported.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“Healthy people
tend to be resistant against this.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“Healthy people
tend to be resistant against this.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">However, drains
were a common source of the bacteria, as well as housekeeping storage closets.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“All seven
wastewater samples collected from the intensive care unit (ICU) piping system
contained at least one carbapenamase-producing organism,” they wrote. That’s
even though very, very few patients in the ICU had been infected with these
bacteria.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">"All samples
from the intensive care unit pipe wastewater and external manholes contained
carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs), suggesting a vast, resilient
reservoir," they wrote.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“The wastewater
pipe system appears to be a reservoir for carbapenamase-producing
organisms."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Related: </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/here-s-why-doctors-are-so-worried-about-new-superbug-n581701"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">Here's why doctors are afraid of superbugs</span></span></a></span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Frank does not
think the general public should worry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“I would say it
is not a huge concern in the United States,” she said. “Healthy people tend to
be resistant against this.” But patients in intensive care, including premature
babies and people with compromised immune systems such as certain cancer
patients, are very vulnerable to such infections.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">And one patient
with a rare infection from a bacteria called Leclercia appears to have been
infected in the hospital — mop buckets carried a genetically similar sample.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“The finding
leads one to consider what might be found if more hospitals were investigated
to this extent,” they wrote.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“It is likely
that most hospitals have some carbapenamase-producing organism colonization in
wastewater and drains that remains undetected,” they added.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Infections caused
by antibiotic resistant bacteria </span><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/23-000-killed-superbugs-us-each-year-cdc-says-f8C11167661"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">kill
23,000 people every year</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, make 2 million more sick and cost $35 billion in
productivity lost to sick days, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
says.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">And CDC says
people often get infections in hospitals — 722,000 in 2011, the CDC says. It
said 75,000 of the patients died.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Related: </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/nevada-woman-died-near-ultimate-superbug-n706641"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">Nevada woman dies of near-ultimate superbug</span></span></a></span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">It’s impossible
to sterilize hospitals and Frank said her team did not expect to find the Clinical
Center was “100 percent clean”. Janitorial closets, especially, will be home ot
many germs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The important
thing is to keep wastewater, dirty mops and anything else that may spread these
germs away from patients.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">NIH has changed
its own practices and other hospitals should, too, she said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“They can pay
attention to the particular cleaning agents that are used,” Frank said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">“We upgraded our
cleaning agents.” Drains stay cleaner if they are regularly flushed with water,
she added. And every hospital needs an infection control officer, she said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-24002244094343133472018-02-09T10:41:00.000-08:002018-02-09T10:41:00.272-08:00Marine Corrosion
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Delaying the
Inevitable: Marine Corrosion Prevention<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Structures, ships and other
equipment located on or near bodies of water face an inexhaustible enemy –
corrosion. It is as unstoppable as the tides and has been a challenging factor
in marine engineering throughout human history. Even bloodthirsty pirates would
put plunder on hold so they could properly maintain their vessels and equipment
to deter corrosion.An <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">18th century</span>
sailing ship is careened so shipmates can clean the hull and prevent corrosion
by applying a waterproofer, typically pitch or tar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">An <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">18th century</span> sailing ship is careened so shipmates can clean the
hull and prevent corrosion by applying a waterproofer, typically pitch or tar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yet the materials of today’s
ships and boats, waterside <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">infrastructure</span>
such as buildings, breakwaters, bridges and piers, and offshore installations
like wind turbines and oil rigs, are considerably different than in centuries
past. That has led to multitude corrosion resistance strategies that are often
deployed together for the optimal corrosion resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Threat Factors<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">There are several mechanisms
by which materials corrode in marine environments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For metal materials, the most
identifiable is <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">oxidation,</span> or rust. In
continued presence of water, metal molecules will eventually combine with the
oxygen of the water to form an oxide. This process degrades the surface
appearance of the material and can ultimately lead to failure if unchecked.
However, on some materials such as aluminum, copper and stainless steel,
oxidation is practically negligible, as the oxidation layer can form a barrier
that prevents the underlying material from further deterioration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Glavanic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> potential of common metals. Source: Solar
Professional<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Glavanic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> potential of common metals. Source: Solar
Professional<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metals are also subject to
galvanic corrosion, prompted when the metals are in electrical contact, either
directly or indirectly in an electrolyte. When this occurs the metal with the
higher electrical potential will act as the cathode and accept displaced ions
from the anode, ultimately resulting in blistering, pitting and material loss
of the anode. Adjacent, submerged metals are essentially turned into battery.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Saltwater is a <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">high quality</span> electrolyte; distilled water is
not. But freshwater becomes more conductive due to dissolved contaminants, such
as minerals or pollution. Conductivity also improves in warmer temperatures, so
galvanic corrosion will be more aggressive in a tropical climate than a cooler
one. Metals that have corroded are at risk of stress-corrosion cracking, which
accelerates mechanical weaknesses in corrosive environments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Also worth mention is stray
current corrosion, a type of galvanic corrosion that is <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">more acute</span> due to the presence of a live current in the
electrolyte. This is a valuable mechanism in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">electrolysis,</span>
but occurs in marine environments usually due to a nearby electrical fault.
Unchecked galvanic corrosion can sink a boat in months, but stray current
corrosion can do so in days or weeks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Wood’s primary vulnerability
is its weathering. If left untreated or unmaintained, moisture seeps into the
pores and crevices of the wood. If the moisture freezes, cracks, gauges <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> warping are likely. This harms the
aesthetic of the wood and exposes internal cellulose that may not have received
even initial preservation treatment. Wood that is submerged is at risk to
several types of bacteria and shipworms. Wood rot can occur after fungal spores
have invaded the wood and colonized the material, ultimately making it quite
brittle. Invasive pests, such as termites, are another threat to the material.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Concrete, although incredibly
resilient and long-lasting, is not impervious. Saltwater is a strong corrosive
and does take a toll. It contains magnesium chloride, sulfate and
hydrogen-carbon ions that will minimally corrode the concrete surface before
producing layers of brucite and aragonite, although these layers can actually
help prevent further corrosion. Further potential for corrosion typically comes
from mechanical stress, such as erosion or fissures that grow where water has
intruded. Should internal rebar come into contact with water, corrosion will be
rapid, as the rebar will swell and create internal stress that could create
cracks in the material.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In marine environments, the
go-to plastic material tends to be fiberglass, or glass-reinforced plastic
(GRP), which is stronger by weight than many metals and is quite versatile. It is
composed of layers of woven glass fibers enveloped in layers of polyester resin
or epoxy. This allows complex shapes to be manufactured in a single piece while
also enabling engineers to control strength properties. It has zero corrosion
concerns even when permanently immersed provided the resin withholds. However,
it is susceptible to mechanical damage, which can affect the long-term
stability of the glass fibers, or wood if it has been sandwiched between
layers. Fiberglass resin will lose luster from UV exposure and isn’t as
abrasion resistant as metal or concrete, but is otherwise quite weatherable
provided the glass fibers remain unexposed. If the fibers are exposed, water
will attack and degrade the glass fibers. In fact, archeologists measure the age
of buried glass bottles by of amount of water absorption.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Marine biofilms, often
identified as boat sludge, often builds-up on the hulls of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">slow moving</span> boats and stationary, immersed
objects. The microbes and bacteria <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">indusce</span>
corrosion and can produce chemicals that react with the material. A good
example <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are</span> the "rusticles"
growing on the wreck of the Titanic, which <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are</span>
actually growths of bacteria. Anti-fouling and ablative biocide paints and
barrier coatings are the most common prevention method.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Corrosion-Resistant Materials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A material that is inherently
strong, workable and modular is key for marine installations. When used, each
substrate requires additional consideration that might not be a concern when
used inland.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A boardwalk with concrete
pilings and a wood walkway employs several corrosion prevention methods to
maintain structural integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A boardwalk with concrete
pilings and a wood walkway employs several corrosion prevention methods to
maintain structural integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Wood is appreciated for its
versatility and beauty, and it is the default framing material for many small-
and medium-sized structures. Several types of wood are rot- and pest-resistant,
but they are too expensive to be used as a common building material. Exposed
wood weathers considerably from temperature fluctuations, moisture ingress <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> UV exposure, so it requires intensive
maintenance to have an economical and sustainable service life. Lumber needs to
have a primary preservative treatment, which can include chemical, oil and
water-based preservatives that are soaked into the grain of the substrate.
Piers and docks are likely to be treated with <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">chromated</span>
copper arsenate or pentachlorophenol, both of which are highly toxic and high
in VOCs. Lumber for residential and commercial structures will likely be
treated with less toxic substances such as copper azole.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Masonry projects primarily
use concrete, which is valued for extreme durability, although it carries some
limitations in marine environments as it can be expensive and difficult to work
or shape in challenging conditions. Concrete is the favored material for
components such as bridge, pier <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span>
turbine footings or pilings. The mix of the concrete is key to longevity,
preferably of type V cement with sulfate resistance. The concrete type should
not absorb water from the environment and also contain an air entrainment agent
to minimize the effect of freeze and thaw cycles. Cement aggregate, such as
slag, should not be chemically affected by water. Granulated slag is favored
for this as it offers higher compressive and bend strengths than Portland-type
cement, protection against sulfates and chlorides and also strengthens the
concrete over a long duration. Finally, the concrete should be well-packed and
installed all at once, ensuring a dense, unified mass of material. This
minimizes the chance of corrosion in rebar. Fiberglass or stainless steel rebar
is a possible alternative.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metals are a highly favorable
material. Carbon steel is a common material for coastal building roofs and boat
hulls, although it absolutely must be protected from direct exposure by a
barrier coating or more, as it will corrode quickly. Stainless steel is not <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">corrosion-proof,</span> but exhibits excellent
resistance in fresh and saltwater environments. Specifically, stainless steel
316 is the most corrosion resistant. It is more expensive than simple carbon
steel. It is a common material for equipment and components, as well as
architectural elements, but structural members are almost never stainless
steel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Aluminum is also highly
valued for its inherent corrosion resistance. Aluminum is more corrosion
resistant than steel in seawater environments – especially the 5000 series
marine grade alloys. The 6000 series of aluminum alloys, like 6061, use copper
as an alloying element, but <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">copper rich</span>
phases in 6061 increase corrosion via galvanic action. The 5000 series aluminum
alloys use magnesium. However, aluminum is not as corrosion resistant as
stainless steel because its oxide film is porous. Anodizing builds an aluminum
oxide trihydrate on the surface, which is hard, nonconductive and corrosion
resistant. Dye and sealants are usually applied to the anodized surface to
color and provide additional corrosion protection. In fact, aluminum would be
the optimal material for boats and immersed structures, if not for the fact that
is quite susceptible to galvanic corrosion when copper, brass, bronze or steel
parts are in electrical contact. It is otherwise durable, lightweight,
economical and repairable. It is a common boat-building and construction
material.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Copper is exceptionally
corrosion resistant due to the verdigris patina that oxidizes on the surface,
such as on the Statue of Liberty. Copper roofs are incredibly durable, with
some inland examples surviving for more than 500 years. It is also lightweight
and low maintenance. The primary drawbacks are its initial expense and copper’s
high galvanic number, which will drive corrosion in all metals other than
stainless steel. Structural members are unlikely to be copper, in favor of
copper cladding, flashing and other architectural and décor elements. It is
also a natural biocide, inhibiting the adhesion of natural growths such as
algae.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Monel, a copper-nickel alloy,
is corrosion resistant and the copper creates an anti-fouling surface. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Monels</span> are stronger than pure copper. Titanium
is essentially corrosion proof in seawater – less than the thickness of a sheet
of paper will corrode off a titanium surface over 4,000 years, based on
corrosion rates. Unfortunately, copper, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">monel</span>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> titanium are costly so use is
limited.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Doubling Down on Corrosion
Prevention<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Offshore wind turbines such
as these often employ footings or caissons, steel structures <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> fiberglass turbine blades. Source: Senu <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sirnivas</span>/NREL<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Offshore wind turbines such
as these often employ footings or caissons, steel structures <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> fiberglass turbine blades. Source: Senu <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sirnivas</span>/NREL<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In addition to a material’s
innate corrosion resistance, UV-stable barrier layers can be applied over the
material to repel water, oil or <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">foulants</span>
and provide sealing, abrasion resistance, deterioration control or other useful
properties.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Paint is an excellent
beginning as a barrier layer and it can be laden with various fillers A prime
example is <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">anti-fouling</span> paint, which is
standard on all ships and boats and many waterborne components. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Growth</span> of algae and other organisms can
stimulate corrosion, so anti-fouling paint contains ablative biocides to
prevent their adhesion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Depending on the pretreatment
method, lumber will be paintable, which is highly recommended for secondary UV,
abrasion, anti-fouling and ingress protection. Wood can also have a <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">watersealer</span> or <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">woodstain</span>
barrier instead. In each case, the barrier must be reapplied regularly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Paints and coatings are not
limited to wood materials; metals, concrete <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span>
fiberglass also benefit. Paints may be specially formatted depending on the
application and workpiece material. Zinc dust is a common additive to inhibit
steel corrosion. Fiberglass materials carry virtually no concern of chemical
corrosion in common marine environments, provided the polyester or epoxy resin
remains intact. It is possible that in a highly polluted environment
environmental stress cracking may occur that plasticizes the polymer of
fiberglass, but this typically requires prior physical damage in the nature of
a craze or crack. Painting is the favored means to prevent fouling of
fiberglass substrates.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the most common
barrier coatings in industrial off-shore uses are types of epoxy coatings that
are filled with coal tar or bituminous pitch, as they exhibit excellent
corrosion and chemical resistance while being easy to apply and flexible in
use. However, they are high in VOCs and are slowly being phased out for more
environmentally friendly solutions. One such type is high build polyamine
epoxy, designed for <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">aggressive</span> splash and
moderate immersion applications. Other barrier coatings are based on silicone
resin and vinyl ester polymer technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">There remains much research
activity in anti-corrosion control, so new developments occasionally arise.
There have been advances in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">a super</span> high
build epoxies that are maintenance-free and can last for decades in the most
challenging offshore environments. Hexagonal boron nitride is an industrial
lubricant, but recent research has yielded an ultra-thin, 2D coating of the
material that is added to <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">metal</span> via vapor
deposition and is exceptionally corrosion resistant. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Also</span> consider a recently unveiled thermally sprayed aluminum for
offshore steel structures such as wind turbines. The compound is filled with an
antifouling substance and as it decays an insoluble calcium deposit is revealed
that further protects the underlying material.Sacrificial anodes placed around
the propeller housing and rudder of a large ship. Source: WRS marine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sacrificial anodes placed
around the propeller housing and rudder of a large ship. Source: WRS marine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metal materials have other
opportunities to keep corrosion at bay. Paint alone is rarely enough and not
all metal materials are suitable for it. Cathodic protection is an important
consideration when two dissimilar metals will be submerged nearby. This method
employs a sacrificial anode, which is a material with galvanic potential lower
than the metals that need protection. Once immersed in an electrolyte, the
anode corrodes as expected, but prevents it from occurring on the other metals.
The sacrificial anode needs to be replaced periodically and will not offer much
protection from stray current corrosion. This is the same mechanism that
protects <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">galvanized</span> steel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When the sacrificial anode is
not enough alone, an impressed current cathodic protection system can be used.
This system monitors the electrochemical environmental of a metal material and
applies a current to the metal to be protected, thereby reducing its galvanic
potential. This system can outright eliminate galvanic corrosion on large
structures such as bridges, oil rigs <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span>
ships. The anodes, which are typically metal oxides, are strategically
positioned and must be periodically replaced.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Corrosion is ubiquitous and
omnipresent. Meanwhile, thousands of corrosion engineers worldwide devote
entire careers to fighting it. And in marine environments, corrosion risks are
especially prominent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Corrosion is <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">like</span> a medical condition — it must be assessed,
managed, treated and monitored. Failing to do so results in death of the
patient; in this case the failure of buildings, vessels <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-47095300966410854492017-12-13T06:46:00.003-08:002017-12-13T06:46:58.216-08:00WAX EMULSIONS: A SURFACE LOOKWhat are Wax Emulsions? <br />
<div class="float text_body mb30">
<br /><img alt="Wax Emulsions for Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/waxemulsionsforcoatings.jpg?h=175&w=222&la=en" style="float: right; height: 175px; margin-left: 10px; width: 222px;" title="Wax Emulsions for Coatings" />Wax emulsions and dispersions are <b>formulated additives made of fine and stabilized wax particles</b>, homogeneously distributed in water. Being in the liquid form, they are easily incorporated into coatings and inks formulations by simple mixing.<br /><br /><ul>
<li><b>Wax emulsions</b> normally have particle size < 1µm, and therefore, a minimized effect on the coating gloss</li>
<li><b>Wax dispersions</b> (either water or solvent-based), have a particle size typically > 1-2µm</li>
</ul>
<br /> Their very fine particle size ensures thorough, homogeneous incorporation with other ingredients of the formulation, maximizing the required effects. <br /><br /> Wax emulsions can be stabilized by either non-ionic emulsifiers (steric mechanism) or by ionic emulsifiers, most often anionic (electrostatic mechanism). Combining anionic and non-ionic emulsifiers provides the emulsion the optimum stability because wax particles are protected through both stabilization mechanisms.<br /><br /> In addition, each stabilization mechanism not only has its own advantages and limitations but also significantly impacts the overall formulation giving added flexibility in formulating.<br /><br /><b><u> Continue reading or click to go on specific section of the page:</u></b><br /><br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#factors"><span style="color: #548dd4;">What factors you should consider while formulating with wax emulsions?</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#mechanism"><span style="color: #548dd4;">How wax emulsions work?</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#benefits"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Learn About Benefits of Wax Emulsions in Detail</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#applications"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Popular Application Areas of Wax Emulsions</span></a></li>
</ul>
<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="factors"></a> <h3>
<span style="color: #96bf0d;">Factors to be Considered While Formulating Wax Emulsions</span></h3>
<br /> Wax emulsions are now well established and extensively used in various aqueous formulations. These ready-to-use wax emulsions can be easily incorporated into a formula by simple mixing. <br /><br /> The wax properties that have the greatest impact on formulation performances include:<br /><br /><ol>
<li><b>The Melting Point</b>: When curing is required, it is important that the wax has a lower melting point than the curing temperature. Thus, the wax can: <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Considering Melting Point in Wax Emulsion Formulation" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/considering-melting-point-in-wax-formulation.jpg?h=102&w=539&la=en" style="height: 102px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 539px;" title="Considering Melting Point in Wax Emulsion Formulation" /></div>
</li>
<br />
<li><b>The Coating Thickness Layer</b>: In order to maximize the wax effects, it is important to have the highest dried wax density to be at dried film surface.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<em><strong><span style="color: #96bf0d;">Hence, the wax emulsion should have a particle size as closest as possible to the thickness of the coating layer</span></strong></em></div>
<br /> Sometimes a wax emulsion with a smaller particle size performs equally well, provided that the concentration is correctly adapted. </li>
<br />
<li><b>pH of the Wax Emulsion</b> should be within approximately one unit of the system to which it is added. If necessary, the pH of the emulsion can usually be adjusted using aqueous ammonia or acetic acid. <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="pH of the Wax Emulsion " src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/phscalechart.jpg?h=163&w=259&la=en" style="height: 163px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 259px;" title="pH of the Wax Emulsion" /></div>
</li>
<br />
<li><b>The Type of surfactant</b> can also influence compatibility with the other components, as well as the overall formulation stability. Matching the emulsion charge with the coating charge enhances stability. </li>
<br />
<li><b>The Order of Component Addition</b>: In water-based formulations, the order of component addition can be a critical factor in maintaining stability. Agglomeration can be prevented and overall stability maximized by adding the wax emulsion last. A further dilution of the emulsion with soft or demineralized water before incorporation can also reduce the shock. </li>
<br />
<li><b>The Regulatory Aspects of Waxes</b>: If the emulsion is intended for food contact use (in a coating or in a package), both the wax and other incorporated additives (emulsifiers, antifoams, biocides etc.) must be in compliance with applicable statutes and regulations (FDA, BfR, European Directives, Kosher Certification etc.). </li>
<br />
<li><b>Determination of Wax content in a Formulation</b></li>
</ol>
<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mechanism"></a> <h3>
Mechanism of Action of Wax Emulsions</h3>
<br /><h4>
The Blooming Mechanism</h4>
<br /> Molten wax particles float (or bloom) to the surface. The coating cools and re-crystallization of wax particles takes place, forming a thin but continuous wax-enriched surface layer.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Blooming Mechanism for Formulating Wax Emulsions" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/bloomingmechanism.jpg?h=125&w=332&la=en" style="height: 125px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 332px;" title="Blooming Mechanism for Formulating Wax Emulsions" /></div>
<ul>
<li>The softer the wax or lower the melting point, the more predominant the blooming mechanism becomes</li>
<li>The compatibility between the wax emulsion and other formulation components determines the wax migration rate</li>
</ul>
<br /><h4>
The Ball Bearing Mechanism</h4>
<br /> In this case, solid wax particles migrate individually or protrude through to the surface.<br /><br /> By protruding slightly above the coating surface like ping-pong balls floating on a pool of water, they:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Act as a physical spacer, and</li>
<li>Prevent another surface from coming into close contact</li>
</ul>
<br /> Hard and high melting point waxes (HDPE, PTFE) operate using this mechanism under certain conditions. Both the particle density and the extent of protrusion influence the magnitude of the effect.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Ball Bearing Mechanism for Formulating Wax Emulsions" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/ballbearingmechanism.jpg?h=95&w=327&la=en" style="height: 95px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 327px;" title="Ball Bearing Mechanism for Formulating Wax Emulsions" /></div>
<br /> Once at the surface, the layer of wax particles has the ability to modify the Coefficient of Friction (CoF) of the substrate, imparting the desired characteristics. This explains why waxes are often classified as "Surface Conditioner Additives".<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="benefits"></a> <h3>
<span style="color: #96bf0d;">Benefits of Wax Emulsions </span></h3>
<br /><strong>Waxes are typical additives that significantly influence the surface properties of any coatings</strong> by modifying the surface free energy. This has an impact on properties such as:<br /><br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#anti-blocking"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Anti-blocking</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#slip and mobility"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Slip & Mobility</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#abrasion"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Abrasion Resistance</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#water repellency"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Water Repellency</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#touch and feel"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Touch & Feel</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#matting"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Matting Agent</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#black heel marks"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Black Heel marks</span></a></li>
</ul>
<br /> All of them are critical properties in the paint, coating and ink applications. Hence, waxes are often classified as Surface Conditioner or Modifier Additives.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anti-blocking"></a> <h4>
Wax Emulsions as Anti-block Agents</h4>
<br /> Anti-blocking is a term defining a non-stick condition between two surfaces or the resistance to adhesion between two surfaces under the influence of:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Temperature</li>
<li>Relative humidity, or </li>
<li>Pressure</li>
</ul>
<br /> A very well-known example of a blocking condition is when a freshly painted window frame is closed too soon. Sometimes, it can be very difficult to open the window again. Factors affecting blocking include:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Coating surface-free energy</li>
<li>Topography of the coatings</li>
<li>Hardness, and </li>
<li>Tg of the polymer</li>
</ul>
<br /><strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-anti-blocking-agents-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Wax emulsions as anti-blocking agents</span></a></strong> are also used extensively for items that are coated, dried and immediately stacked, rolled up for storage or shipment. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="slip and mobility"></a> <h4>
Effect of Wax on Slip & Mobility</h4>
<br /> Slip properties (or lubricity) represent the ability of two surfaces to glide over each other without causing any mechanical damage. Good slip properties require that the <strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-lubricants" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">slip additive</span></a></strong> concentrate to the surface during and immediately after application and curing.<br /><span style="color: #96bf0d;"><br /></span> <div style="text-align: center;">
<em><strong><span style="color: #96bf0d;">Generally speaking, the harder the wax, the better the slip properties</span></strong></em></div>
<br /><br /> This is explained by the fact that wax crystals in the solid state are the main factor responsible for the characteristic of slip. <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Soft & Hard Waxes" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/softhardwax.jpg?h=207&w=518&la=en" style="height: 207px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 518px;" title="Soft & Hard Waxes" /></div>
Thanks to this property, wax is widely used in applications:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Inks, OPV's & Primers, </li>
<li>Paper, Film, & Foil Coatings </li>
<li>Metal coatings </li>
</ul>
<br /> Slip resistance is the ability to manipulate the surface energy by increasing the coefficient of friction of a cured coating. This can be realized by addition of wax surface modifiers.<br /><br /> In particular, <strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-slip-control-agents-waxes-polypropylene-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">polypropylene waxes</span></a></strong> or wax emulsions:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Control slip without adversely affecting scratch and mar resistance</li>
<li>Have good migration performance which results in an increased wax density on the coating surface</li>
</ul>
<br /> When formulating with polypropylene wax emulsions, it is crucial to adapt the particle size of the emulsion to the coating layer, in order to maximize the wax effects on the coating surface.<br /><br /> Wax emulsions are used for their slip resistance property in Floor Polish.<br /><br /><strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-slip-control-agents-waxes-polypropylene-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">» Check Out Various Wax Grades used as Slip Control Agents! </span></a></strong> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="abrasion"></a> <h4>
Effect of Wax on Abrasion Resistance</h4>
<br /><strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-abrasion-resistance-agents-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Abrasion resistance</span></a></strong> is produced by a combination of basic characteristics such as elasticity, hardness, strength, toughness, and in some cases, thickness. <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Abrasion Resistance in Coatings using Wax Emulsions" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/abrasionresistance.jpg?h=122&w=180&la=en" style="height: 122px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 180px;" title="Abrasion Resistance in Coatings using Wax Emulsions" /></div>
<br /> It has also been established that a trend similar to that of slip additives exists between the wax hardness and the capability of the wax to resist rubbing damage.<br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #96bf0d;"><br /></span></div>
<em><div style="text-align: center;">
<em><strong><span style="color: #96bf0d;">Hard wax resists abrasion better than soft wax</span></strong></em></div>
</em><br /> Thanks to its <strong><span style="color: #548dd4;"><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/select-scratch-and-mar-resistance-agents-for-coatings" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">mar, scratch and rub resistance</span></a></span></strong> properties, wax emulsions are used in a wide range of applications such as: <br /><br /><ul>
<li><b><span style="color: #548dd4;"><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/channel/architectural-coatings" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #548dd4;">Architectural Coatings</span></b></a></span></b> & Floor Polishes</li>
<li>Paper Film, & Foil Coatings</li>
<li>Inks, OPV's & Primers </li>
<li>Metal Coatings</li>
</ul>
<br /><strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-scratch-scrub-mar-resistance-agents-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">» View Commercially Available Waxes for Scrub & Mar Resistance </span></a></strong> <br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="water repellency"></a> <h4>
Wax Emulsions for Water Resistance</h4>
<br /> Water repellency or water resistance is another important property obtained or improved with waxes. As the name implies, this characteristic is the protection of a surface against water penetration (in liquid form). <br /><br /> Depending on formulation, the protection may be temporary or very durable and long-lasting.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Water Resistance in Coatings Using Wax Emulsions" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/waterresistanceincoatingsusingwaxemulsions.jpg?h=133&w=200&la=en" style="height: 133px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 200px;" title="Water Resistance in Coatings Using Wax Emulsions" /></div>
<br /><br /> Thanks to this property, <strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-water-repellents-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">wax emulsion</span></a></strong> is a key ingredient in a wide range of formulation for:<br /><br /><ul>
<li><strong><span style="color: #548dd4;"><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/channel/wood-coatings" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Wood Coatings</span></a></span></strong></li>
<li>Architectural Coatings & Floor Polishes</li>
</ul>
<br /><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/touch%20and%20feel"></a> <h4>
Effect of Wax on Touch & Feel</h4>
<br /> Although coatings are usually applied to provide optical effects (color, gloss or matting etc.) or to protect a substrate, some applications also require the surface to have tactile properties. <br /><br /><ul>
<li>In <strong><span style="color: #548dd4;"><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/channel/automotive-coatings" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">modern car interiors</span></a></span></strong>, coatings with a soft-feeling are applied on plastic substrates (mainly PVC) such as instrument panels and door handles to convey a "leather-like touch", i.e. a feeling of smoothness and luxury.</li>
<br />
<li>With electronic devices (PCs, mobile phones, etc.) a "soft-feeling" effect created by specialized coatings is becoming increasingly more in demand.</li>
</ul>
<br /> By employing a coating that incorporates coarse wax particles, a rough and uneven surface is created at the microscopic level that is very similar to that observed with <strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-surface-conditioners-surface-modifiers-matting-agents" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">matting agents</span></a></strong>. Because tactile properties are largely dependent on the coating formulation, it is important that the wax particles protrude through the coating layer and this requires a particle size larger than the film thickness.<br /><br /> Thanks to this texturizing effect, wax emulsions are commonly used in Wood and <strong><span style="color: #548dd4;"><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/channel/plastic-coatings" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Plastic Coatings</span></a></span></strong>.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="matting"></a> <h4>
Matt Effect Using Wax Emulsions</h4>
<br /> Providing wax dispersions have a particle size much higher than 1 µm, they will significantly <strong>reduce the gloss</strong>, by introducing micro-roughness on the coating surface. The so-created uneven surface will cause the light to be scattered.<br /><br /> The degree of the micro-roughness is determined by the number of particles present at the surface, which directly depends on wax properties such as:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Particle size and particle size distribution</li>
<li>Particle density</li>
<li>Amount of matting agent incorporated</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Matt Effect using Wax Emulsion" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/matt-effect-using-wax-emulsions.jpg?h=140&w=350&la=en" style="height: 140px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 350px;" title="Matt Effect using Wax Emulsion" /></div>
<br /> Thanks to this matting property, wax emulsions are widely used in wide range of applications such as: Architectural, Wood coatings and Inks, OPV's & Primers.<br /><br /><strong><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selectors/c-additives-surface-conditioners-surface-modifiers-matting-agents-waxes" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4;">» Select Waxes to Obtain Desired Matting Effect in your Application </span></a></strong><br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="black heel marks"></a> <h4>
Effect of Wax on Black Heel Marks</h4>
<br /> Black heel marks occur in a floor coating when the heel or sole of a shoe leaves residue on the floor after a shoe scuffs or scrapes the coating surface. Grocery carts, platform trucks, hand trucks and fork lifts can all produce black marks.<br /><br /> By reducing the coefficient of friction of the coating, carefully selected waxes such as HDPE will have better mobility across a coating surface improving the heel mark resistance.<br /><br /> Thanks to its heel mark resistance property, wax emulsions are used in Floor Polish.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="application"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="applications"></a> <h3>
<span style="color: #96bf0d;">Applications of Wax Emulsions</span></h3>
<br /> Thanks to the various benefits discussed, wax emulsions are widely used in:<br /><br /><ul>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#wood coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Wood Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#concrete coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Concrete Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#metal coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Metal Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#inks"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Ink, OPV’s & Primers</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#architectural coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Architectural Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#plastic coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Plastic Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#paper coatings"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Paper, film & Foil Coatings</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings?lr=pci1712640&li=100231732&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campaign=pci1712640&m_i=Y78YZcfiVaxnIO5uKLJ2JcBoT3%2Bjece80ZX33j5CHME0oUbNpZz6eZc%2BBEn7P0lNJ1SpscyNKKDmGgTH_e2FPpfIuqwOYn#floor polisher"><span style="color: #548dd4;">Floor Polishes</span></a></li>
</ul>
<br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="wood coatings"></a> <h4>
Wood Coatings</h4>
<br /><table><tbody>
<tr><td style="height: 30pt; width: 65%;">Surface modifiers are added to wood stains and sealers to significantly improve the weatherability of exterior applications such as decks, rails, stairways and siding to:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Protect these investments from costly damage </li>
<li>Maximizing their long term aesthetic value</li>
</ul>
<br /> With the proper use of a surface modifier, wood floor coatings (residential, commercial, and athletic facilities) can be protected from various degrees of traffic and wear during their lifetime, and can meet your VOC requirements. </td><td style="height: 30pt; text-align: center; width: 35%;"><img alt="Wood Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/woodcoatings.jpg?h=203&w=307&la=en" style="height: 203px; width: 307px;" title="Wood Coatings" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /> Wax emulsion formulations have been shown to reduce scratching, scuffing, marring, general wear and loss of gloss. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="concrete coatings"></a> <h4>
Concrete Coatings</h4>
<br /> Unprotected concrete in residential or commercial applications is susceptible to damage from many sources including the weather, equipment and vehicles, as well as humans. <br /><br /><table><tbody>
<tr><td style="height: 30pt; text-align: center; width: 35%;"><img alt="Concrete Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/concretecoatings.jpg?h=199&w=302&la=en" style="height: 199px; width: 302px;" title="Concrete Coatings" /></td><td style="height: 30pt; width: 65%;"><ul>
<li>Surface modifiers are used in coating and sealer formulations over finished concrete to improve water, scuff, abrasion, stain and graffiti resistance, and for hot-tire pickup resistance. </li>
<br />
<li>They can also be used as "concrete curing membranes" that are applied to freshly poured concrete to control and optimize its cure rate.</li>
<br />
<li>Thirdly, surface modifiers are added to "cure and seal" formulations, where the product is applied over wet concrete and acts as a curing membrane, as well as a long-lasting barrier coating.</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="metal coatings"></a> <h4>
Metal Coatings</h4>
<br /><strong>Metal</strong> is used in the fabrication of many consumer and industrial products, from beverage cans to furniture to bridges. It is nearly always coated, firstly out of necessity to prevent the rapid effects of corrosion, but just as importantly to make the product more attractive. Surface modifiers enhance coating performance by a variety of functions, depending on the application.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Metal Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/metalcoatings.jpg?h=200&w=288&la=en" style="height: 200px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 288px;" title="Metal Coatings" /></div>
<br /> Fixed structures such as bridges and industrial complexes require periodic coating maintenance to protect these valuable assets. Selective use of the appropriate wax surface modifier into the coating formula can provide:<br /><br /><ul>
<li>Water repellency (supplemental barrier properties), </li>
<li>Mar and scratch protection, and </li>
<li>Other functions</li>
</ul>
<br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="inks"></a> <h4>
Ink, OPV's & Primers</h4>
<br /> The OPV's are most commonly water-based or UV-curable, with solvent-borne also used. Various types of wax-based slip/rub additives are formulated into all types of OPV. Proper selection of wax surface modifiers also depends on the end use of the printed media. <br /><br /> Wax surface modifiers are the essential additive to an ink formulation, providing slip control, rub resistance, and scratch resistance, all critical to maintaining the integrity of a graphic design.<br /><br /> Besides inks and OPV's, primers are sometimes used to prepare the media for printing. Primers enhance the ink receptivity of surfaces, improving ink adhesion, rub resistance, and image quality.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="architectural coatings"></a> <h4>
Architectural Coatings</h4>
<br /><table><tbody>
<tr><td style="height: 30pt; width: 65%;">Interior and exterior architectural applications present their own unique coating related problems.<br /><br /><ul>
<li>In exterior applications, wax emulsions re used to provide early, as well as long-lasting, water resistance</li>
<li>While, Interior coatings and sealers must be formulated for cleanability and anti-blocking. Wax emulsions effectively eliminate windows from sticking to trim - a common interior problem</li>
</ul>
</td><td style="height: 30pt; text-align: center; width: 35%;"><img alt="Architectural Coatings" height="204" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/architecturalcoatings.jpg?h=204&w=264&la=en" style="height: 204px; width: 264px;" title="Architectural Coatings" width="264" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="plastic coatings"></a> <h4>
Plastic Coatings</h4>
Plastics are coated for three main reasons: aesthetics touch/feel and wear resistance. Surface modifiers are also used in the recipe for lacquer coatings applied to plastic surfaces that require scratch & mar resistance, and even resistance to common products such as suntan oils, coffee and food stains.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="paper coatings"></a> <h4>
Paper, film & Foil Coatings </h4>
Flexible film packaging systems - often laminated with foil or paper - are increasingly popular and practical alternatives for packaging food and other goods. In the case of food, surface modifiers can again be incorporated into the film coating formulation to meet strict regulatory approvals for direct food contact. <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Foil Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/foilcoatings1.jpg?h=168&w=188&la=en" style="height: 168px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 188px;" title="Foil Coatings" /></div>
<br /><br /> Other special film performance attributes possible with wax surface modifiers include barriers to oxygen, moisture and grease, as well as heat sealability (preferably at low temperatures).<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="floor coatings"></a> <h4>
Floor Polish Coatings</h4>
<br /> Wax surface modifiers satisfy many of the performance demands of a floor polish. Proper selection and usage will control how the polish responds to buffing; minimize black heel marks; and provide slip control, i.e. the proper coefficient of friction to provide traction for foot traffic in wet or dry conditions. <br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Floor Coatings" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/coatings/neo-import/wax-emulsions/floorcoatings.jpg?h=193&w=294&la=en" style="height: 193px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; vertical-align: middle; width: 294px;" title="Floor Coatings" /></div>
<br /><br /> By enhancing mar, scratch, and abrasion resistance, the surface modifier may also extend the durability of the polish, resulting in reduced maintenance demands.<br /><br /><br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/wax-emulsions-for-coatings/wax-types-and-properties" target="_blank"><img alt="About Polymer" height="25" src="https://coatings.specialchem.com/_/media/selection-guides/omnexus/common-images/about-call-to-action-v1.jpg?la=en" style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;" width="25" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-70560943568536928602017-11-09T13:52:00.000-08:002017-11-09T13:52:03.556-08:00the new creature<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWBnYuKgMMZ4qRi3KDHJuls5yW5JoDdkR5CviIROZRvkGpXYabCZ8dVs8jcejh8ck0svbzw9TR4dJpCZUtCkCQFr3B2dmyxcykQCNGUKbJdy2SRLwB4I55EHkoyF7Lvwu8tflcPr3S042/s1600/3+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWBnYuKgMMZ4qRi3KDHJuls5yW5JoDdkR5CviIROZRvkGpXYabCZ8dVs8jcejh8ck0svbzw9TR4dJpCZUtCkCQFr3B2dmyxcykQCNGUKbJdy2SRLwB4I55EHkoyF7Lvwu8tflcPr3S042/s400/3+%25282%2529.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
<br />EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-25919973712600237322017-11-09T13:29:00.000-08:002017-11-09T13:29:34.415-08:00HAZMAT Raw Materials' Substitutions in the Chemical Industry<span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Introduction<br />
</span></span></span><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">As chemical R&D teams and manufacturing facilities take steps to reduce the potential for chemical hazards to occur by replacing substances of very high concern, collaboration among regulators, chemists, and engineers is required.<br />
</span></span></span><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #868689; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><strong>WHITE PAPER</strong><br />
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</strong></span>Development process from regulatory pressure.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #f57f20; font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #f57f20; font-family: "arial";">R&D Solutions for Chemicals<br />
</span></span><span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #00729d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;">The Inevitability of Chemical Substitution<br />
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<b><br />
<span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><br />
"With substitution rising in necessity for many facilities,<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></span><dir><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #0078a1; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-large;"><b>
these guidelines aim to direct the implementation so that it is conducted safely and effectively."<br />
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></dir><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><br />
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Executive Summary<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In situations in which hazardous chemicals can be replaced by potentially less dangerous compounds, it’s only logical to avoid hazardous chemicals as much as is practical, and replace them with chemicals as different as possible from the originals. In fact, chemical substitution is an essential good laboratory practice (GLP) in labs around the world, and it is a cornerstone of basic occupational safety.<br />
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Substitution is an especially crucial measure when the chemicals involved are known to cause cancer, trigger allergic reactions, damage nerve tissue, or induce reproductive harm over the long or short term. While less dangerous chemicals<br />
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may still require the use of protective equipment and safety procedures,<br />
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the overall reduction in hazard is well worth any organizational and technical alterations necessary to achieve it.<br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In fact, increasingly stringent regulations make chemical substitution not only a rational practicality, but an inevitability. Even so, many facilities struggle to put these concepts into action, although administrators recognize how essential they are.<br />
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To reduce the challenges of chemical substitution, the chemicals should be assessed to decide whether substitution is a worthwhile process for that specific facility. Laboratories can then proceed<br />
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with the implementation by reviewing the hazard and risk inherent in substitution. Throughout these steps, it is important<br />
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to remember that collaboration between R&D teams with plant managers is necessary for the long-term aims of the chemical industry. With substitution rising in necessity for many facilities, these guidelines aim to direct the implementation so that it is conducted safely and effectively.<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">I. Substitution will become increasingly unavoidable as regulation increases<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Laboratories and other chemical facilities control chemical-related risk in a<br />
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wide variety of ways. They may isolate dangerous chemicals, enclose them in contained sub-environments, provide systems for air filtration and removal of hazardous fumes, sterilize and safety- check equipment, mandate specific handling procedures, and require all workers to wear protective gear. In fact, many of these GLPs are now explicitly required by regulatory bodies around the world, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).<br />
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However, the only way to entirely remove the risk of a chemical hazard is to eliminate that chemical altogether. The most obvious reason to replace hazardous chemicals with less hazardous ones is<br />
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to remove or reduce the likelihood of<br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">workers’ exposure to toxic or otherwise dangerous substances. Although the<br />
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risk of a hazard does not always result in actual harm, the presence of chemicals known to cause damage to human health is still a cause for serious concern in any laboratory environment, especially when safer alternatives are available.<br />
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Equally importantly, the likelihood is high that the pressure to substitute hazardous chemicals will continue to increase<br />
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as regulation tightens. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has already outlined a list of active chemicals which are candidates for substitution in order to ensure that substances hazardous<br />
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to health and/or the environment<br />
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are phased out and replaced by more suitable alternatives over time. Agencies around the world are likely to follow suit, further emphasizing the inevitability of substitution within the coming years.<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">II. R&D labs can respond by selecting chemical products with greater care<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The mere act of substituting another chemical for a hazardous one does not necessarily guarantee that the hazard has been eliminated. Some alternative chemicals may<br />
actually be more hazardous than the originals. Others may initially appear to offer a reduced risk of hazard while heightening risk in certain stages of the production process. Still, others may seem to offer no hazard at all, but they reduce the effectiveness of the final formulation.<br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">For all of these reasons, it’s crucial to examine the material safety data sheet (SDS) and other documentation on any chemical under consideration. This allows for a comparison of the value of a chemical substitution in the following five key areas:<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>1. Effectiveness: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Will the substitute chemical maintain the same quality in the end product after being subjected to all steps in the manufacturing process?</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>2. Compatibility: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Will the substitute react as needed with other compounds in the process without interfering with any reaction?</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>3. Existing control measures: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Can the substitute be controlled using existing safety measures, or will new measures need to be drawn up to control vapors or other by products?</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>4. Waste disposal: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Can the substitute be disposed of through an existing disposal system without compromising regulatory compliance?</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f5831f; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>5. Hazard assessment: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Will the substitute produce risky reactions or byproducts not produced by the original chemical?</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">III. Manufacturing plants can respond by proactively identifying and eliminating risks<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Any decision about re-engineering a chemical manufacturing process may have to take place from the company or on a branch level. Such a decision involves intensive examination, risk analysis, process analysis, and consideration of possible substitutes.<br />
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</span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">To help guide this type of decision procedure, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of the United Kingdom has outlined a seven-step process for preparing to implement chemical substitutions. The steps are as follows:<br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Identify hazards and assess risks: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Take note of potentially hazardous chemicals currently stored and/or used on-site, and calculate the likelihood of a hazard resulting from continued usage with each of them.</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Identify alternatives: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Examine safety data sheets and other documentation on possible substitute chemicals to be used in product redesigns.</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Consider the implications of each substitution: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Plan out any alterations your facility will have to make in terms of workflow, equipment, parts, ventilation, disposal, and other areas in order to handle each substitution.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
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</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Compare alternatives: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Weigh the risks and benefits involved in the usage of different states of each substitute chemical. Also, consider the possibility of redesigning a manufacturing process to eliminate unnecessary chemicals altogether.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Decide whether to substitute: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Gather input from workers who will be handling the chemical in question and make a balanced decision.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Introduce the substitute: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Once you’ve made your choice, immediately begin preparing the facility and workers as needed.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"> <br />
</span></span><b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>Assess the change: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Check in on any alterations in your facility’s process, as well as on the safety of your staff and their confidence in working with the new substitute. Make further adjustments as necessary.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></dir><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
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<span style="color: #aaa8aa; font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #aaa8aa; font-family: "arial";">4</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #aaa8aa; font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #aaa8aa; font-family: "arial";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> <br />
</span></span><b><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #55565a; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">IV. R&D teams and plant managers can collaborate on substitutions in a variety of ways<br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The most obvious way to eliminate a hazardous chemical might be simply to remove it from a given production process. For example, an R&D team might replace certain organic solvents<br />
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with water-based paints or ester-based products. A similar tactic is to redesign a process to incorporate safer materials and techniques; for example, to switch from vapor degreasing to high-pressure hosing in a closed system.<br />
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However, the truth is that chemical- related risks can creep into facilities in a wide range of ways—all of which can be addressed effectively through different forms of substitution. Plant managers can combat hazards by using safer<br />
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> <br />
</span></span><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #8a8a8d; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">methods for paint removal; for instance, blasting with steel sand in a contained environment. They might replace adhesive-based bonds in the plant’s architecture with mechanically locking parts or avoid electroplating with nickel<br />
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altogether. When choosing furniture, they might switch to untreated wood.<br />
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In all of these ways, R&D teams can work together with plant managers to eliminate hazardous chemicals from processes and facilities alike. As regulatory compliance makes chemical substitution<br />
<br />
a higher priority than ever, this level of collaboration will become increasingly necessary to any chemical project’s long- term success.<br />
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</span></span>EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-48478101677201346222017-09-30T11:36:00.001-07:002017-09-30T11:36:26.599-07:00Use Of Disinfentants<span style="color: #b11116; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b11116; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #b11116; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><div align="LEFT">
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Proper Use of Disinfectants</div>
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By Michael Wilson</div>
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Due to the recent spread of a gastrointestinal virus in an industrial facility, the day porter maintaining</div>
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the facility during the course of the business day was asked to disinfect all of the building's cafeteria</div>
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tables after the mid-day lunch break. It was suspected the cafeteria was one place the virus was</div>
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spreading. To do this, he brushed off any dry soils on the table, sprayed the table with a disinfectant,</div>
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and then wiped the area clean with a microfiber cloth. This was repeated five days per week and, for</div>
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extra measure, sometimes the evening cleaning crew repeated the same procedure at the end of the</div>
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business day.</div>
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For many people--cleaning professionals and facility administrators alike--the cleaning</div>
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workers performed this procedure correctly. However, a closer examination reveals several</div>
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errors. For instance:</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">While brushing off the dry soils was correct, the cleaning worker should not have stopped there.</span></span></span></div>
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In most cases, disinfecting is a two-step process. The first step is to properly clean the area; the</div>
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second step is disinfecting. After brushing the dry soils from the tables, the worker should have</div>
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wiped each cafeteria table with an all-purpose cleaner or similar product. Then, on to step two.</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Spraying the disinfectant on the tables simply applies it to them. In order for the disinfectant to</span></span></span></div>
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actually work and begin "killing" pathogens on the table, it must dwell on the table for about 10</div>
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">minutes </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">without drying</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">. This means the worker should have sprayed a few tables with the</span></span></span></div>
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disinfectant and then returned to the first one to wipe it clean. If the disinfectant dries, it needs to</div>
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be reapplied.</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">How do we know this is the type of disinfectant that should be used to kill influenza-type viruses?</span></span></span></div>
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It is possible the disinfectant used to clean these tables was not, and if so might prove to be</div>
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ineffective. Every EPA-registered disinfectant in the United States has a "kill claim" on the</div>
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product's label or packaging materials identifying exactly what pathogens it is designed to</div>
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eliminate.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Microfiber tends to be more effective at cleaning and disinfecting than conventional terry cloths,</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">and using a clean microfiber cloth is correct--but </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">it must stay clean</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">. The cleaning worker should</span></span></span></div>
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have used a fresh quadrant of the cloth for each table and, after cleaning two to four tables,</div>
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replaced the cloth.</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Having the evening cleaning staff clean and disinfect the tables once again is not necessary and</span></span></span></div>
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may prove costly in terms of labor, time, and chemicals and can have a negative impact on the</div>
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environment. If the procedure was performed correctly after the lunch break, an evening</div>
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cleaning/disinfecting is not necessary.</div>
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From this example, we have learned some very important things about the use of</div>
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disinfectants. One item at the top of the list is that unless the disinfectant's label says it both</div>
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cleans and disinfects, then cleaning and disinfecting are, as above, a two-step process.</div>
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Another item is that selecting the proper disinfectant is imperative. A disinfectant known to</div>
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eliminate the type of pathogens and microorganisms suspected to be on a surface must be</div>
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used to protect human health. (There are broad-spectrum disinfectants, which can be</div>
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viewed as all-purpose disinfectants and can be used when there is no specific pathogen or</div>
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it is unknown. However, for a known pathogen, it is best to select a disinfectant designed to</div>
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kill those microorganisms.)</div>
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Label Reading</div>
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We should delve a bit further into understanding disinfectants, and this starts with knowing</div>
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how to read a product's label. Of course, reading labels on any type of cleaning chemicals</div>
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is always recommended, but it is even more important when it comes to disinfectants.</div>
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As mentioned earlier, disinfectants have kill claims posted on their labels indicating they can</div>
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be used to kill, for example, the TB (tuberculosis) bacterium, HIV, MRSA (methicillinresistant</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">), or some other pathogen. However, the disinfectant that kills</span></span></span></div>
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HIV may not work against the TB bacterium.</div>
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While these three examples may not apply to disinfection procedures in an industrial facility,</div>
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this helps show the importance of selecting the disinfectant that is effective against a</div>
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particular pathogen. Other items typically listed on disinfectant's label that cleaning</div>
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professionals and administrators should be aware of include the following:</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">An EPA registration number. Every "approved" disinfectant used in the United States is assigned</span></span></span></div>
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a number by EPA. This number indicates the product has been reviewed and proven effective</div>
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with minimal risk to users when used per instructions.</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Active ingredients. This is a list of all of the ingredients in the product responsible for killing</span></span></span></div>
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pathogens.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Inert ingredients. While these ingredients do not play an active role in killing pathogens, they</span></span></span></div>
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serve other purposes, such as ensuring that active ingredients perform effectively.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Precautionary statements. Precautionary statements provide information on a product's potential</span></span></span></div>
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hazards, as well as how to prevent these hazards from occurring. This information can include</div>
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proper dilution, disposal, first aid, and storage instructions.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #545454; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Efficacy. This refers to the how effective the disinfectant is. "Limited efficacy" disinfectants are</span></span></span></div>
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typically used for household cleaning, whereas the most powerful disinfectants, "hospital-grade"</div>
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disinfectants, are used wherever health risks are most serious. (Limited efficacy disinfectants are</div>
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typically used against a specific group of pathogens.)</div>
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Selecting Sanitizers and Disinfectants</div>
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So far we have not discussed sanitizers at all. But in many situations, a sanitizer will suffice</div>
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in keeping an industrial facility healthy. While a disinfectant is designed to eliminate or</div>
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">inactivate </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">all </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">disease-causing germs on a surface (when used properly), a sanitizer is</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">
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<span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">designed to </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">reduce </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">them, eliminating 99.9 percent of pathogens when compared to an</span></span></span></div>
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untreated surface.</div>
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In the example above about the industrial facility influenza outbreak, a sanitizer likely would</div>
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suffice as long as it was used properly. (Just as disinfectants must be used properly, so</div>
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must sanitizers. In most cases, the surface should be cleaned first using an all-purpose</div>
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cleaner and then the sanitizer can be applied. After recommended dwell time, the surface</div>
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should be wiped with a clean cloth.) However, if the outbreak continued or worsened,</div>
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cleaning workers/administrators would need to select a disinfectant designed specifically to</div>
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eliminate gastrointestinal-type pathogens.</div>
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This leads us to our next issue: how to select disinfectants and sanitizers. There are dozens</div>
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of professional-grade disinfectants and sanitizers on the market made by scores of different</div>
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manufacturers. Selecting the right product for the right situation can prove daunting. In such</div>
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cases, working with an astute janitorial supplies distributor is crucial. However, even the</div>
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distributor may need guidance.</div>
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For help in selecting disinfectants, sanitizers, and most other types of chemicals, plus paper</div>
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goods and cleaning equipment for their clients, some distributors now turn to web-based</div>
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analytical tools. Some of these systems resemble a computer dashboard. Products</div>
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currently used in a facility are entered into the system, and the tool suggests other products</div>
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that may be more effective, less costly, or higher-performing. When it comes to selecting</div>
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disinfectants and sanitizers specifically, these tools can prove invaluable because they</div>
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provide "fact based" suggestions. They have ready access to the products' efficacy, kill</div>
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claims, and other information that helps purchasers make the proper selection right from the</div>
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start.</span><br /></span><br /></span><br /></span></span></span><br />EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-63980437146228354522017-04-18T06:07:00.003-07:002017-04-18T06:07:20.171-07:00The Chemistry factor : What is Chemistry all about, by Idrani Mukharji<ins style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline-table; height: 90px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom; width: 728px;"><ins style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: block; height: 90px; position: relative; width: 728px;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="90" id="google_ads_iframe_/8868/c_and_en_online/articlecontentpage_0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_iframe_/8868/c_and_en_online/articlecontentpage_0" scrolling="no" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" title="3rd party ad content" width="728"></iframe></ins><br /></ins><br />
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<a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i14/Meet-Tobin-J-Marks-2017-Priestley-Medalist.html" title="Meet Tobin J. Marks, 2017 Priestley Medalist | April 3, 2017 Issue - Vol. 95 Issue 14 | Chemical & Engineering News">Cover Stories: A chemist’s chemist</a></div>
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Tobin J. Marks: What is chemistry all about?</h1>
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The 2017 Priestley Medalist recounts a life intertwined with chemistry</div>
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By <span class="author_name"><a href="http://cen.acs.org/static/about/staff_landing.html">Tobin J. Marks</a></span></div>
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Department: <a href="http://cen.acs.org/departments/science.html">Science & Technology</a><br />
Keywords: <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/iapps/wld/cen/results.html?line3=Priestley">Priestley</a>, <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/iapps/wld/cen/results.html?line3=Tobin+J.+Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></div>
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<li><a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i14/Meet-Tobin-J-Marks-2017-Priestley-Medalist.html" title="Meet Tobin J. Marks, 2017 Priestley Medalist">Meet Tobin J. Marks, 2017 Priestley Medalist</a></li>
<li><a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about.html" title="Tobin J. Marks: What is chemistry all about?">Tobin J. Marks: What is chemistry all about?</a></li>
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<i>The Priestley Address of 2017 Priestley Medalist Tobin J. Marks, given at the 253rd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, April 4, 2017.</i></div>
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<i>The Priestley Address of 2017 Priestley Medalist Tobin J. Marks, given at the 253rd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, April 4, 2017.</i></div>
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Let me begin by saying how honored I am to be selected as this year’s Priestley Medalist and to join the distinguished cohort of previous medalists. I also wish to salute this year’s ACS national award winners, an impressive group of chemists and accomplishments. Congratulations! In this address I would like to share a story with you, part biographical, part scientific, and part philosophical, relating something of my career, how that is intertwined with the science I have done and am currently doing, where it is going, and lastly, how it relates to the question of what chemistry is all about.</div>
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My grandparents on both sides emigrated from Czarist Russia and came to America for freedom and a better life. I was fortunate to grow up in the Washington, D.C., area (in Arlington, Va., and Bethesda, Md.) in a family having a deep respect for learning, hard work, and service. Like many of my generation, dynamic science teachers, highly motivated classmates, and <i>Sputnik</i> kindled my fascination with science. I owned a Gilbert Chemistry Set and tinkered with explosives and rockets, which I’m sure horrified my normally tolerant parents. I was fascinated with what things are made of and how that affects their properties.</div>
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On graduating from high school in Bethesda, I entered the University of Maryland, which always has had excellent science and engineering programs. I chose chemistry as a major partly because of my fascination with what things are made of and how to make them. I also took excellent physics and math courses, and like all chemistry majors then, German language courses.</div>
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There was great camaraderie among the “Terp” [University of Maryland]chemistry majors, and it seemed that the more noxious the odors emanating from a lab experiment, the more we relished it, possibly because students majoring in other subjects were repelled! We realized how much we were learning and how much we enjoyed laboratory work, and we were thrilled. I vividly remember one of my classmates pronouncing, “chemistry is my religion,” which captures some of that slightly wacky sentiment.</div>
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Marks with his research group in the late 1970s.</div>
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Marks with his research group in the late 1970s.</div>
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Marks with his current research group.</div>
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There was a generally good-natured rapport between professors and students in that era, and I learned that each professor has a different lecturing and teaching style, and that in itself was good for me. I vividly remember that a physics professor’s humorous request that the chemistry majors in the lecture hall erase the large blackboards was met with good-natured hisses and boos from the chemistry majors, after which we came to the front and dutifully erased the blackboards. Of course, we eventually got to know all of the Maryland chemistry faculty and felt unique as “chem majors.” With determination and diligence, most of us traversed the great divide between physical-chemistry-oriented freshman chemistry and phenomenology-, structure-, and mechanism-oriented organic chemistry. Chemistry majors had laboratory courses most weekday afternoons and sometimes on Saturdays, so we felt comfortable in the laboratory.</div>
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A transformative experience at Maryland was the National Science Foundation-funded summer undergraduate research program, which allowed us to work in a professor’s laboratory with a modest stipend. Most exhilarating for me was working with a young inorganic chemistry professor, Samuel Grim, synthesizing organophosphorus compounds and measuring their NMR parameters. I learned to work and think independently and to appreciate the power of “just-in-time learning,” meaning that when a puzzling result stares you in the face, the urgency of trying to understand it and planning what to do next greatly accelerates the learning process.</div>
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Undergraduate research at the University of Maryland (goggles lifted for the photographer).</div>
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Undergraduate research at the University of Maryland (goggles lifted for the photographer).</div>
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To me, the graduate students in the Grim group were stimulating, fun people, and although I didn’t quite understand who postdocs were, they were also impressive. From this experience I yearned for more research! Inorganic chemistry was taught by James Huheey, and his crystal-clear lectures kindled new interests, leading me to borrow Sam Grim’s copy of the landmark Cotton and Wilkinson inorganic textbook. I was entranced by the chemistry the vast periodic table offered, and attending graduate school was my ambition.</div>
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The honors chemistry program at Maryland required a written senior thesis and original research proposal, both to be defended before a faculty committee. The former task was straightforward because I had coauthored several publications by then, and the latter sent me exploring new literature. What captivated me was Rowland Pettit’s report that the elusive cyclobutadiene molecule could be stabilized by coordination to an iron carbonyl fragment. The ramifications of that chemistry formed the basis of my proposal, which emerged from the oral defense unscathed and stoked my interest in the organic-inorganic chemistry interface. Indeed, unusual interfaces between dissimilar substances continue to intrigue me.</div>
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Every time I climb the steps at the Massachusetts Ave. entrance to MIT, the adrenaline pumps as it did the first time when I entered graduate school as an NSF Predoctoral Fellow. The world-class MIT inorganic group consisted of Al Cotton, Alan Davison, Dick Holm, and Dietmar Seyferth, with George Whitesides closely associated. It had great intellectual power and breadth. I joined Al Cotton’s group because of his infectious enthusiasm and interesting projects on stereochemically nonrigid organometallic molecules.</div>
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MIT housed essentially all science and engineering in one giant complex of interconnected buildings, so in addition to chemistry coursework, I attended lectures and seminars in other departments and cross-registered at Harvard University for William Lipscomb’s famous chemical bonding course. MIT provided an extremely stimulating environment, filled with scientific leaders and a warm Cotton group camaraderie; Al gave me the freedom to sample this environment broadly, for which I will be forever grateful. After initial research speed bumps where difficultly synthesized new molecules turned out to be completely rigid, my persistence, bolstered by Al’s and George’s good advice, paid off. I enjoyed mentoring our research group’s junior members and vowed to create such an environment when I had my own research group. At Maryland I was an ACS student affiliate, at MIT I became a full ACS member, and I recently celebrated my 50th anniversary.</div>
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Figure 1</h2>
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My quest for an academic position took me to U.S. regions I had never visited before, including Northwestern University, which, on the day I visited, was 0 °F with a 40 mile-per-hour wind. All science and engineering was housed in one large building, and I found the chemistry department to be research-intense, collegial, and well-equipped. The inorganic group and associated faculty, Fred Basolo (2001 Priestley Medalist; 1983 ACS president), Jim Ibers, Ralph Pearson, Duward Shriver, and Brian Hoffman, were world-class, and I happily joined as an assistant professor. I soon had my laboratory in place with enthusiastic graduate and undergraduate students, but what research to do? An empty canvas awaited my brush! Although I could not forget my organometallic roots, I was inspired by George Whitesides’ advice to strike boldly into new fields, to push the frontiers.</div>
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To my thinking, the f elements (lanthanides and actinides) offered untapped possibilities in that their properties differed radically from transition metals (for example, larger ionic radii, different bonding), and we set off to explore the chemistry of unknown metal-alkyl and metal-hydride bonds. My first NSF proposal was successful, although similar to what Bob Langer told us in his <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i13/Struggles-Dreams-Young-Chemical-Engineer.html" title="Bob Langer 2012 Priestley Address">2012 Priestley Address</a>, one reviewer was critical to the point of irrationality. Undeterred, we forged ahead and soon could tell the world about remarkable new families of alkyls, aryls, acyls, tetrahydroborates, alkane activation products, and hydrides, as well as evidence for fleeting formyl, π-olefin, π-alkyne, π-arene, and H<sub>2</sub> complexes <b>(figure 1)</b>. One striking characteristic of these complexes was their extraordinarily high reactivity and catalytic activity versus that of their closest transition-metal analogs. We next extended this work to organolanthanides and again struck gold.</div>
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Invaluable collaborations to more deeply understand molecular and electronic structure with Roald Hoffmann of Cornell University; Andrew Streitwieser, Ken Raymond, and Dick Andersen of the University of California, Berkeley; Victor Day of the University of Nebraska; Ignazio Fragalá of the University of Catania; Herbert Schumann of the Technical University of Berlin; Geoffrey Cloke of Sussex University; and Jack Williams and Lester Morse of Argonne National Laboratory greatly enriched this field. We wondered what other unusual transformations could take place around large actinide centers, and, for example, found that in the presence of the uranyl ion (UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>), condensation reactions that normally produce porphyrin-like metal phthalocyanine complexes—robust pigments used in blue jeans and auto paints (we’ll return to them later)—instead yield unusual expanded uranyl-encapsulated metallomacrocycles <b>(figure 2)</b>. Analogous porphyrinic complexes now play a major role in photodynamic cancer therapy.</div>
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Northwestern University’s Ipatieff professors of catalytic chemistry.</div>
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Northwestern University’s Ipatieff professors of catalytic chemistry.</div>
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As we explored f-element catalytic chemistry, the enormous reaction rates intrigued us. If kinetics were not limiting, but only thermodynamics were, could we discover new catalytic transformations using bond energy information? Fortunately, stimulated by the work of Jack Halpern (and later John Bercaw, Bob Bergman, Carl Hoff, and others), we had already constructed sophisticated calorimetry equipment and were in a position to address these questions. Our bond enthalpy data provided new perspectives on the relative energetics of various metal-ligand bonds as a function of location in the periodic table (differences can be dramatic) but also clues to designing new catalytic transformations.</div>
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Combining exploratory chemistry with reaction mechanism analysis, we showed that hydroelementation processes involving heteroatom-H addition to carbon-carbon unsaturation are mediated by organolanthanides, and later other metal centers, to effect rapid hydroamination, hydrophosphination, hydroalkoxylation, hydrosilation, and hydrothiolation reactions of significant scope <b>(figure 3)</b>. Moreover, many of these processes could be coupled to polymerizations to create heteroatom-functionalized polyolefins. In recent work, we coupled the microscopic reverse of homogeneous olefin hydroalkoxylation with tandem heterogeneous hydrogenation to hydrogenolyze C–O functionalities of the type found in biomass feedstocks.</div>
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During these times, I was also fascinated by the multifaceted role of metal ions “in biology and, with Jim Ibers, launched a synthetic, spectroscopic, and X-ray diffraction study to understand the molecular and electronic structures of the then-mysterious “blue” copper proteins. Using pyrazolylborate ligands to simulate the proposed multi-imidazole metal binding sites in the actual proteins, our students prepared very thermally labile facsimile complexes with most of the correct protein spectroscopic signatures—a significant advance at that time.</div>
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Later and of a more organometallic flavor, I was intrigued by reports that metallocene complexes of the type (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MX<sub>2</sub>, where M = Ti, Zr, V, Mo, and X = halide, were potent antitumor agents in mice. Our question was whether the carcinostatic activity mechanism was similar to that established by Steve Lippard for cisplatin, involving key binding to specific DNA sequences. We launched detailed spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies of (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MX<sub>2</sub>(aqueous) interactions with oligonucleotides and whether (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MX<sub>2</sub>(aqueous) inhibited the cleavage of small circular double-stranded DNAs by restriction endonucleases, in the manner of cisplatin. Our search for nonlabile DNA-metallocene coordination chemistry was inconclusive; however, we found that these metallocenes do inhibit certain important DNA processing enzymes, implicating a different anticancer mechanism.</div>
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When I arrived, Northwestern had a world-renowned heterogeneous catalysis group, founded when the distinguished Russian chemist, Vladimir Ipatieff fled the Soviet Union in 1931 to be jointly professor of chemistry at Northwestern and director of research at nearby Universal Oil Products. Ipatieff received many international recognitions (among them the 1939 ACS Willard Gibbs Medal) and, with faculty member Herman Pines, developed a catalytic process for high-octane aviation fuel, helping the U.K.’s Royal Air Force win the 1940 Battle of Britain. I am honored to now occupy Ipatieff’s chair.</div>
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In the late 1970s, I became intrigued with reports that chemisorption of simple and catalytically marginal early-transition-metal organometallic complexes on relatively mundane oxide surfaces such as dehydroxylated alumina (DA) yielded mysterious surface species that were highly active olefin hydrogenation and polymerization catalysts. In collaboration with Bob Burwell, who had the necessary catalytic equipment, we established that when adsorbed on DA, [(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>C<sub>5</sub>]<sub>2</sub>M(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (M = Th, U) and related Zr-methyl complexes hydrogenated simple olefins at rates comparable to supported platinum metals, and rapidly polymerized ethylene. Kinetic poisoning experiments established that only about 5% of these surface complexes were catalytically significant, not uncommon in heterogeneous catalysis. Furthermore, high-resolution cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP-MAS) solid-state NMR argued that the active species were formed when Lewis acid sites on the DA surface abstracted a methide anion from the metal center, yielding for Zr, a formal 14-electron d<sup>0</sup> cation. When I proposed this structure at an ACS meeting, it was met with skepticism. But what else could cause such enormous enhancements in catalytic activity?</div>
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<img alt="An example of Lewis acidic, hydrocarbon-soluble, and “Teflon-coated” perfluoroarylboranes explored as methide abstractors, in this case, B(C6F5)3." class="cq-dd-image" src="https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_6.img.png/1490880771464.png" title="An example of Lewis acidic, hydrocarbon-soluble, and “Teflon-coated” perfluoroarylboranes explored as methide abstractors, in this case, B(C6F5)3." /><br />
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At this time I was collaborating with Jim Stevens of Dow Chemical. The industrial and academic communities were ablaze with excitement when Walter Kaminsky of Hamburg University reported that ill-defined, partially hydrolyzed trimethylaluminum species (MAO) somehow activated organozirconium complexes to form potent and equally ill-defined homogenous olefin polymerization catalysts. What chemistry gave rise to such species? We quickly established that the CP-MAS NMR spectra of evaporated MAO-zirconacene solutions were virtually identical to the same zirconacenes on DA. For unambiguous characterization and well-defined, isolable catalysts, we explored Lewis acidic, hydrocarbon-soluble, and Teflon-coated perfluoroarylboranes as methide abstractors, starting with B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. <b>(figure 4)</b></div>
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What followed was amazing: new families of isolable, highly active “single-site” polymerization catalysts, additional perfluoroaryl-borane/alane cocatalysts and weakly coordinating anions, numerous X-ray structures, and precision analysis of molecular dynamics, thermodynamics, and polymerization mechanisms. We showed how the electrostatic catalyst<sup>+</sup>···cocatalystˉ ion pairing can direct olefin insertion stereochemistry and polymer architecture. Partnering with Dow, our chemistry to date has enabled production of about 30 billion kg of stronger, more processable, more recyclable polyolefins, including those produced from sustainable sugarcane ethanol. Strong, lightweight, inexpensive, chemically inert polyolefins find use in products as diverse as automotive parts, food packaging, agriculture, clothing, solar cell coatings, and medical prosthetics.</div>
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In recent work, we have been creating binuclear complexes with mechanistically dissimilar metal catalytic sites and demonstrating enzyme-like cooperative interactions, scaling with M···M’ distance and affording new polymers. We are revisiting the original surface-bound catalysts and find that very strong Brønsted acidic surfaces create species with virtually 100% of the sites catalytically active for olefin polymerization, and even more intriguing, arene hydrogenation. The combination of EXAFS (with Jeff Miller of Argonne National Lab), two-dimensional solid state NMR (with Marek Pruski of Ames National Lab), DFT computation (with Alessandro Motta of Rome University), and detailed mechanistic analysis has illuminated the catalyst structures and explained why H<sub>2</sub> delivery is selective for a single arene π-face. For mixtures of aromatics, these catalysts exhibit significant selectivity for carcinogenic benzene hydrogenation, modeling possible processes for detoxifying gasoline.</div>
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<img alt="A “shish kebab” in which phthalocyanine polymers are connected via central Si-O-Si, Ge-O-Ge, or Sn-O-Sn linkages." class="cq-dd-image" src="https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_7.img.png/1490880786656.png" title="A “shish kebab” in which phthalocyanine polymers are connected via central Si-O-Si, Ge-O-Ge, or Sn-O-Sn linkages." /><br />
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Soon after I arrived at Northwestern, I was intrigued by the work of Stanford University’s Jim Collman on metal complexes that crystallize in stacks like coins to provide a pathway for one-dimesional electrical conduction. Brian Hoffman, Jim Ibers, Mark Ratner, and I collaborated on synthetic, spectroscopic, structural, and theoretical studies of these systems and showed that metal or ligand “partial oxidation,” for example, by I<sub>2</sub>, creates empty bandlike states and, in cases such as metallophthalocyanines, “metallike” 1-D conductivity. However, for molecular systems, the challenge remained of ensuring that face-to-face stacking was preserved, ideally with controllable π-π distances. We addressed this issue with a “shish kebab” strategy in which phthalocyanine polymers were connected via central Si–O–Si, Ge–O–Ge, or Sn–O–Sn linkages <b>(figure 5)</b>. We could then “dial in” the levels of oxidation while preserving the stacking, and analyze the results with a variety of incisive structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, electrical, and theoretical tools.</div>
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My fascination with charge transport phenomena in solids has continued, and today involves both “soft” (organic molecules and assemblies; polymers) and “hard” (oxides, chalcogenides) materials. The former studies focus on transistors, solar cells, and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using tunable, Earth-abundant organic materials. We seek to print these as “inks” in high-throughput production. The key materials in a transistor, the basic building block for all modern electronics, are the semiconductor, gate dielectric, and the source, drain, and gate electrodes. Our first target was relatively unexplored electron-transporting (n-type), versus established hole-transporting (p-type), organic semiconductors—necessary components of complementary circuits for high-speed, low-power operation. Collaborations with colleague Tony Facchetti, and later with Mike Wasielewski, yielded environmentally stable, high-mobility n-type semiconductors, and ultimately, devices with inkjet-printed complementary circuits. Theoretical studies with Mark Ratner convincingly defined the electronic structural and molecular architectural requirements for n-type semiconductors.</div>
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Gate dielectrics positioned between the transistor gate electrode and the semiconductor modulate the flow of current through the semiconducting channel and are critical to real world performance. Collaborating with Tony Facchetti and Mark Ratner, we invented self-assembled nanodielectrics (SANDs) that are compatible with organic electronics and deliver high dielectric constants, charge-trap-free interfaces, and nanoscale thicknesses. SANDs significantly enhance the performance of diverse organic and inorganic transistors, are radiation-hard, and are compatible with many substrate types; they stimulated fruitful device collaborations with Mark Hersam and Lincoln Lauhon of Northwestern; John Rogers, now of Northwestern; David Janes of Purdue University; and many companies. This also led to the cofounding of two Northwestern spinoffs with Tony Facchetti, Polyera and Flexterra, to transform these laboratory discoveries into printed products.</div>
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My interest in hard materials began with metal oxides. The late 1980s advent of cuprates with astounding superconducting properties caused me to ask whether such films could be grown using chemical processes. Therefore we designed, synthesized, and refined volatile metal-organic Y, Ba, Cu, Tl, Bi, and Ca precursors that enabled the controlled growth of excellent quality superconducting cuprate films by a scalable metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process in collaboration with Northwestern engineers Bruce Wessels, Carl Kannewurf, and Bob Chang. These films and our ability to vary stoichiometry provided samples for studies aimed at understanding the intrinsic current-carrying capacity of these materials.</div>
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<img alt="Two images depict how inorganic and organic materials are combined to create a high-performance transistor with high optical transparency." class="cq-dd-image" src="https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_8.img.png/1490880801253.png" title="Two images depict how inorganic and organic materials are combined to create a high-performance transistor with high optical transparency." /><br />
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We next turned to other oxides, especially those combining optical transparency and electrical conductivity, which while seemingly contradictory, is realized in materials such as tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), used in flat-panel displays, solar cells, touch screens, and numerous other products as transparent electrodes. We reasoned that alternative growth techniques, doping, and oxide matrices might enhance conductivity at comparable transparencies, and allow growth on flexible plastics. Soon, MOCVD growth of cubic, optically transparent Cd<sub>1-x</sub>In<sub>x</sub>O films demonstrated record conductivity and benefited from theoretical collaboration with physicists Arthur Freeman of Northwestern and Julia Medvedeva, now of the University of Missouri). We also employed another low-temperature technique to grow In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films on SAND, yielding transparent transistors with exceptional performance.</div>
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We next sought the solution-phase growth of electronically functional, ideally flexible semiconducting, dielectric, and conducting oxide films from solution at temperatures compatible with polymeric substrates. This was achieved via combustion synthesis, affording amorphous oxide films and flexible transparent transistors of electronic quality comparable to those grown by industrial sputtering processes (<b>figure 6</b>). Similar strategies afforded transparent flexible electrodes for rollable plastic solar cells, and unusual “antiambipolar” heterojunctions with carbon nanotubes and 2-D metal chalcogenides, in collaboration with Mark Hersam and Lincoln Lauhon. Such devices have potential in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth circuitry. Similar concepts were employed in our very successful design of polymer solar cells.</div>
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This concludes a brief summary of my research at Northwestern, crossing many disciplinary boundaries. These accomplishments would not have been possible without collaborators around the globe and the dedicated enthusiasm of my students and postdocs who contributed immensely to this enterprise. I dedicate this address to them.</div>
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Miriam E. Marks</div>
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<img alt="A photo of Tobin Marks’s daughter, Miriam." class="cq-dd-image" src="https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_898629877.img.jpg/1490838338986.jpg" title="A photo of Tobin Marks’s daughter, Miriam." /><br />
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As Jackie Barton noted in her <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i12/Career-Chemistry.html" title="Jackie Barton 2015 Priestley address">2015 Priestley address</a>, many of life’s pathways are the products of accidents and opportunities. In that way I met and married my lifetime partner and fellow chemist, Indrani Mukharji. Coming from an academic family of two scientists, she understands the life we lead and amazingly puts up with me. Indrani’s father was Gilbert Stork’s first postdoc, moving with him from Harvard to Columbia University in the 1950s. We still keep in touch with Gilbert.</div>
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After spending a decade as a corporate scientist, Indrani has been a senior administrator at Northwestern for the past 22 years. Our daughter, Miriam Marks, wanted a different life. After studying public policy and economics at Stanford, she is now a student at New York University Law School. I will be forever indebted to them for their love, moral support, and endless patience.</div>
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And what of chemistry? Why is it unique? Steve Lippard argued in his <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i11/Life-Professor.html&#13;" title="Steve Lippard 2014 Priestley address&#13;">2014 Priestley address</a> that the term “central science” might imply a mere service role. And I suspect that all scientists feel that their discipline is central. Lord Rutherford once said that “all science is either physics or stamp collecting.” So we might instead regard chemistry as the “all-pervasive science,” or the “interfacing science,” or the “indispensable science.” However, I feel that we should ask what we chemists do that is truly unique and that will be forever unique. I would argue that first and foremost, chemists make things, that with deep knowledge and skill we create “<i>the stuff that dreams are made of</i>.”</div>
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As you ponder these issues, you may feel the need for a libation. So I will close with a toast to our ACS award winners, to chemists in every walk of life, and to chemistry as an enduring, indispensable, and dynamic science! Good night and safe travels!<br />
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<b>More on this story:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>• <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i14/Meet-Tobin-J-Marks-2017-Priestley-Medalist.html" title="Meet Tobin J. Marks, 2017 Priestley Medalist">Meet Tobin J. Marks, 2017 Priestley Medalist</a></li>
<li>• <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i14/Tobin-J-Marks-What-is-chemistry-all-about.html" title="Tobin J. Marks: What is chemistry all about?">Tobin J. Marks: What is chemistry all about?</a></li>
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EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-53810984563775040732017-02-15T20:46:00.002-08:002017-02-15T20:46:01.109-08:00Epoxies: easy to apply one component grip enhancersDura-Grip™ SLIP RESISTANT EPOXY WITH GRIT PRODUCT DATA SHEET<br />
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CHARACTERISTICS<br />
Dura-Grip is a Water Based Epoxy Ester<br />
coating specifically designed to provide skid resistant durable textured coating for foot traffic <br />
on steel, fiber<br />
glass, treated aluminum, concrete and properly primed wood substrates. Dura-Grip is ideal on boats, <br />
trailers, laundry rooms, on steps and ramps, and a variety of Light Industrial, Commercial and <br />
Residential areas.<br />
Color: ........................................... 12 Colors Available Coverage: ................. <br />
................. .................400 ft2/gal Recommended: <br />
......................................... 400 ft2/gal<br />
@ 4 mils wet .............................................. 1.5 mils dry<br />
Drying Time @ 77°F (25°C), 50% Relative Humidity<br />
Temperature and humidity dependent<br />
Touch: ...................................... 30 - 40 min. Tack Free Recoat or Topcoat: <br />
.................................. 1 – 2 hours Dry Hard: <br />
....................................................... 72 hours Full Cure: <br />
...................................................... 5-7 days<br />
Flash Point:................................................... > 212° F Finish: ......... S/G <br />
Textured (50-60 units @ 60° Gloss) Cleanup: <br />
............................................................ Water Vehicle Type: <br />
........................................... Epoxy Ester<br />
VOC (less exempt solvent):160 - 180 g/L.,1.3 – 1.55 lb/gal<br />
Volume Solids: ................................................. 36.7%<br />
Weight Solids: .................................................. 46.1%<br />
Weight/Gallon: ............................................ 8.5 – 10.1<br />
Measured Static Friction of Coating Surfaces: ASTM C 4518-91 Steel-0.158 Rubber –0.742<br />
A.I.M. category: Non-flat Interior/Exterior Coatings<br />
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Mildew - Remove from exposed wood or other surfac before painting by washing with a solution of <br />
1-part liq household bleach and 3 parts of water. Apply the solut and scrub the mildewed area. <br />
Allow the solution to remain on the surface for 10 minutes. Rinse thoroughl with water and allow <br />
the surface to dry before painting Wear protective eyewear, waterproof gloves and protective <br />
clothing. Quickly wash off any of the mixtur that comes in contact with your skin or eyes. Do not a <br />
detergents or ammonia to the bleach/water solution. APPLICATON<br />
Mix Dura-Grip thoroughly before and during each application! Apply with brush, roller or squeegee. <br />
Avoi painting late in the day when dew or condensation is likely to form or when rain is <br />
threatening. Apply when the temperature is 50° F (10° C) min., 90° F (32°C) m (air, surface and <br />
material), at least 5° F above dew poi The relative humidity should be 85% maximum. Do no apply to <br />
porous substrates new wood, plywood, exteri drywall, etc. if the substrates have a moisture content <br />
greater than 15%. In most cases, use at mixed consistency. Do not expose subject surfaces to foot <br />
traffic in less than 72 hrs. More time may be necessar depending upon atmospheric conditions.<br />
Brush - No reduction is necessary. Use a nylon/polyester brush.<br />
Roller - No reduction is necessary. Use a 3/8” woven nap with a phenolic core.<br />
Squeegee - Flat Rubber<br />
GENERAL SURFACE PREP<br />
Surfaces must be clean, dry and free from contaminants such as, oil, waxes, grease, dirt, mildew or <br />
other foreign contaminants. Shiny surfaces should be de-glossed by lightly sanding or using a <br />
chemical de-glosser before using Dura-Grip. For wood surfaces, one coat of exterior oil base primer <br />
recommended over clean dry<br />
wood substrates. For concrete, clean with tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) and a firm bristle brush. <br />
Rinse area thoroughly with water. New and smooth dense concrete will require an acid etch before <br />
any application of Firm Foot. Aluminum and other non-ferrous metals should be treated with an <br />
aluminum acid etch preparation available at most paint / hardware stores. Over ferrous metals a<br />
solvent based primer, will provide additional rust prevention. Fiberglass should be lightly sanded <br />
or wiped with acetone before application.<br />
Supersedes previous data sheets for this product.<br />
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Note: Epoxies and Epoxy Esters may need to be recoated every 1-2 yr. on Exterior exposures due to <br />
the damaging affects of UV degradation.<br />
CLEANUP INFORMATION<br />
Clean hands and tools immediately with soap and warm water.<br />
CAUTIONS<br />
Protect from freezing. This product contains solvents and/or other chemical ingredients. Adequate <br />
health and safety precautions should be observed during storage, handling, use and drying periods.<br />
READ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT<br />
LIMITATIONS<br />
The technical data and suggestions for use in this product data sheet are currently correct to the <br />
best of our knowledge, but are subject to change without notice. Because application and conditions <br />
vary, and are beyond our control, we are not responsible for results obtained in using this <br />
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we liable for incidental and consequential damages.EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-18535533254679941632016-12-07T09:42:00.000-08:002016-12-07T09:42:21.747-08:00Eliminate Fragrances.......
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p><u> </u></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\emilio\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:href="cid:image001.jpg@01D24ED0.4536F780"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="fragranceimage" border="0" height="180" src="file:///C:/Users/emilio/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" style="height: 1.875in; width: 2.822in;" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="271" /><!--[endif]-->MELBOURNE,
AUSTRALIA—A University of Melbourne researcher has found that over one-third of
Americans report health problems—from asthma attacks to migraine headaches—when
exposed to common fragranced consumer products such as air fresheners, cleaning
supplies, laundry products, scented candles, cologne, and personal care
products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The study also found that fragranced products may affect
profits, with more than 20 percent of respondents entering a business, but
leaving as quickly as possible if they smell air fresheners or some fragranced
product. More than twice as many customers would choose hotels and airplanes
without fragranced air than with fragranced air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In the workplace, over 15 percent of the population lost
workdays or a job due to fragranced product exposure. Over 50 percent of
Americans surveyed would prefer fragrance-free workplaces. And over 50 percent
would prefer that health care facilities and professionals were fragrance-free.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The research was conducted by Professor Anne Steinemann, from
the University of Melbourne School of Engineering, who is a world expert on
environmental pollutants, air quality, and health effects. Professor Steinemann
conducted a nationally representative population survey in the United States,
using a random sample of 1,136 adults from a large web-based panel held by
Survey Sampling International (SSI). The results are published in the
international journal Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">‘A Huge Problem’</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">When exposed to fragranced products, 34.7 percent of Americans
suffer adverse health effects, such as breathing difficulties, headaches,
dizziness, rashes, congestion, seizures, nausea, and a range of other physical
problems. For half of these individuals, effects are potentially disabling, as
defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“This is a huge problem; it’s an epidemic,” says Professor
Steinemann.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Fragranced products are pervasive in society, and over 99
percent of Americans are regularly exposed to fragranced products from their
own use or others’ use. Reports of adverse health effects were as frequent and
wide-ranging across all types of fragranced products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“Basically, if it contained a fragrance, it posed problems for
people,” Professor Steinemann said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Professor Steinemann is especially concerned with involuntary
exposure to fragranced products, or what she calls “secondhand scents.” She
found over 20 percent of the population suffer health problems around air
fresheners or deodorizers, and over 17 percent can’t use public restrooms that
have air fresheners. In addition, over 14 percent of the population wouldn’t
wash their hands with soap if it was fragranced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Many React to Cleaning Products</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Over 12 percent of the population experience health problems
from the scent of laundry products vented outdoors, over 19 percent from being
in a room cleaned with scented products, and over 23 percent from being near
someone wearing a fragranced product.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">More generally, over 22 percent of Americans surveyed can’t go
somewhere because exposure to a fragranced product would make them sick.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“These findings have enormous implications for businesses,
workplaces, care facilities, schools, homes, and other private and public
places,” said Professor Steinemann. For instance, a growing number of lawsuits
under the Americans with Disabilities Act concern involuntary and disabling
exposure to fragranced products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Professor Steinemann’s earlier research found that fragranced
products—even those called green, natural, and organic—emitted hazardous air
pollutants. However, fragranced consumer products sold in the United States
(and other countries) are not required to list all ingredients on their labels
or material safety data sheets. Nearly two-thirds of the population surveyed
were not aware of this lack of disclosure, and would not continue to use a
fragranced product if they knew it emitted hazardous air pollutants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Recommends Fragrance-free Policies</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Professor Steinemann’s research continues to investigate why
fragranced product emissions are associated with such a range of adverse and
serious health effects. In the meantime, for solutions, Professor Steinemann
suggests using products that do not contain any fragrance (including masking
fragrance, which unscented products may contain). She also recommends
fragrance-free policies within buildings and other places.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“It’s a relatively simple and cost-effective way to reduce risks
and improve air quality and health,” she explains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin: 0in 0in 15.75pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Professor Steinemann has also completed a survey of the
Australian population, with results expected to be published soon. “The numbers
are similarly striking,” she said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Professor Steinemann can be reached at <a href="mailto:anne.steinemann@unimelb.edu.au"><span style="color: #4db2ec; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anne.steinemann@unimelb.edu.au</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-69879778495892401912016-11-17T09:06:00.001-08:002016-11-17T09:06:13.178-08:0011/11/2016 <br />
<section class="articleHeader"><h1>
Protecting IAQ Through Cleaning And Maintenance</h1>
</section><section class="articleBody"><div class="articleDeckDiv">
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<!--HEADLINE:Protecting IAQ Through Cleaning And Maintenance/HEADLINE--> <!--DECK:/DECK--> <!--KEYWORDS:/KEYWORDS--> A report, recently posted on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), finds that "climate change may worsen existing indoor environmental problems and indoor air quality (IAQ)."<br /><br />One reason for this is the fact that we spend 90 percent of our time in an indoor environment such as a school, office, factory, or home. However, most of these buildings were built to meet environmental conditions at the time of construction, conditions that are changing rapidly due to climate change. <br /><br />Because of this, one of the most effective ways to protect IAQ and adjust to changing environmental conditions is "the operation and maintenance of buildings," according to the EPA. <br /><br />The EPA report states that there are three broad approaches to help moderate indoor air pollution as climate changes advances. These are:<br /><br />1. Source control<br />2. Ventilation<br />3. Air cleaning systems. <br /><br />"There is not a lot that the professional cleaning industry can do about improving ventilation or installing air cleaning systems," says Mike Sawchuk, Chief Business Development Officer for Avmor, a leading manufacturer and marketer of professional cleaning products in North America. <br /><br />"But there are many things we can do when it comes to source control and it all starts with the cleaning chemicals we select."<br /><br />According to Sawchuk, green-certified cleaning chemicals introduced over the past decade have dramatically reduced the number of volatile organic compounds and other harmful chemical emissions released into the air.<br /><br />However, times are changing and we cannot rest on past laurels, according to Sawchuk. <br /><br />"Of the major green-certification organizations, [at this time] only Green Guard has raised the bar, taking a very focused look at the impact of cleaning chemicals on IAQ. With climate change advancing, this is something all of the major certification organizations should be doing." <br /><br />Until then, he recommends using green certified products that are "dual certified" with Green Guard.<br /><br />Sawchuk adds that in the past few years, the leading green certification organizations have been moving in different directions, specializing on different products and industries.<br /><br />"No matter what directions they take, IAQ is an issue they must always stay focused on...and this is going to be even more important in coming years."</div>
</section>EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-13834305860905839322016-11-15T14:02:00.002-08:002016-12-07T09:42:53.382-08:00The best Scientist Does Chlorine<br />
Get a Bad Rap?<br />
When it comes to disinfection at treatment plants, chlorine has quite the reputation. To some, it’s <br />
known as a reliable and trusted solution. To many others, especially among the public at large, <br />
it’s looked at with skepticism and concern – but that may be simply a matter of not knowing the <br />
facts. Either way, it’s one of the ubiquitous aspects of water and wastewater disinfection… and for <br />
good reason.<br />
<br />
To separate fact from fiction and clear up exactly how chlorine should be utilized at treatment <br />
plants, we spoke with Evoqua Water Technologies’ Daryl Weatherup, director of marketing for the <br />
company’s Wallace & Tiernan brand. He walked us through the different forms chlorine can take, its <br />
reputation among the industry and ratepayers, and how to determine its best use at a given plant.<br />
<br />
How is chlorine utilized at treatment plants?<br />
Chlorine is used in many water and wastewater applications, not only in the U.S. but around the <br />
world. It really has been the most predominant method of disinfection for the past century.<br />
<br />
What’s different about chlorination, though, is that it’s not just available in one format. There <br />
are several formats that it is available in: gaseous chlorine, liquid sodium hypochlorite (bleach <br />
being the common household name), dry or solid form tablets or pellets of calcium hypochlorite, and <br />
then the fourth main way to apply chlorine in water and wastewater systems is actually generated <br />
onsite through the electrochlorination of brine or saltwater solutions.<br />
<br />
Do you think that chlorine has the reputation that it deserves?<br />
I think there are two sides to the reputation of chlorine and chlorination. On the one hand, <br />
chlorine has a great reputation as being a widely used disinfectant that has really transformed <br />
the water industry and improved human health, environmental water quality, and sanitation over the <br />
last 100 years.<br />
But there’s also a negative side to it. When chlorine’s applied in the right amount to the <br />
controlled process, it is a good<br />
<br />
disinfectant. But if it is released in a spill or leak in higher doses, it can be harmful. I think <br />
that is where some of the negative connotation comes about and the reputation it has as being <br />
potentially unsafe.<br />
<br />
Do you think that reputation it has as a dangerous chemical is more prevalent among ratepayers or <br />
with the professionals who are actually disinfecting water?<br />
<br />
<br />
Water Online • www.wateronline.com <br />
1<br />
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<br />
I think it’s a little bit of both. At the consumer ratepayer level, they get a lot of their <br />
information through the media, and the media doesn’t always report safety incidents in the right <br />
way. Oftentimes there are accidents that happen that are not caused by chlorine but get reported as <br />
involving chlorine. At least in the U.S., there are a higher number of safety incidents with other <br />
liquid chemicals and other dangerous substances in treatment plants than there are with chlorine <br />
gas.<br />
<br />
On the professional level, there is competition with other methods of disinfection. Some <br />
are chemical-free but provide no residual disinfectant, which is required in municipal water <br />
distribution. Those that offer chemical-free solutions might add to the negative reputation that <br />
chlorine can have.<br />
What advances in process and technology are making chlorine safer today?<br />
There are quite a few things that have changed over the last 100 years with the way chlorination is <br />
done today. It started out in<br />
1913 with the first commercial chlorinator, and the technology has improved quite a bit since. <br />
The main things that have changed are the engineering methods available, the materials of <br />
construction available — metal alloys, engineered plastics, and so forth — that have really <br />
allowed us to improve the quality of the actual chlorine dosing systems themselves, the <br />
chlorinators. We’ve engineered chlorinators to be more durable, have fewer moving parts, and be <br />
inherently safe.<br />
Aside from that, there are additional devices that help make the overall chlorination systems <br />
safer, such as double- check valves and seals, safety shut-off valves, or emergency vapor <br />
scrubbers — also manufactured by Evoqua — which can scrub all of the chlorine gas out of a room <br />
even in the event of a full-scale release. We’ve manufactured this for our systems as a secondary <br />
safety system. There are other ancillary items, like gas detection systems and fire safety doors,<br />
that can go towards making the overall system very, very safe.<br />
<br />
What alternatives to chlorination are out there?<br />
There are no other alternative methods that provide the same cost-effective benefits as <br />
chlorination or are as widely used<br />
as chlorination. There are other methods that are called “alternate disinfectants,,,” <br />
including UV and ozone, as well as various other types of disinfectants that are innovative but not <br />
as widely used.<br />
<br />
How should a treatment plant assess the different forms of chlorine that exist and make a selection <br />
on which one is the best for them?<br />
This is probably the question I receive the most. The best answer that I can give is that it’s <br />
really a local decision that needs to take<br />
into account several factors. It is not just about capital costs or operating costs alone.<br />
<br />
We work with the water utility and ask them what their decision-making factors and drivers <br />
are. Are there any environmental concerns? Is the facility in a rural area or an urban area? What’s <br />
the distance away from the nearest chemical supplier?<br />
<br />
Beyond that, we look at their water-quality<br />
<br />
goals and disinfection targets, along with the capacity and treated flow rate. That will determine <br />
what the total chlorine demand is. We also take into consideration, from that, how often they might <br />
need to order chemicals.<br />
<br />
As a manufacturer of all four types of chlorination systems, not to mention UV, we offer expertise <br />
on which format of<br />
chlorine is best for the given application. I think it’s important to have a well-balanced view of <br />
what is available and not be pushed towards one method or another. Additionally, there are <br />
consultants we work with who also specialize in this selection process. The U.S. EPA and AWWA <br />
both offer information about selecting disinfectants and have published resource manuals on<br />
those as well.<br />
If someone tells you they believe using chlorine as a disinfectant is dangerous, how do you <br />
respond?<br />
<br />
Anything can be dangerous when it’s mishandled, and that chlorine is by far the safest, most <br />
widely used, and most reliable form of disinfection. One of the things that works against switching <br />
away from chlorination to other methods is typically the cost, the reliability, and the <br />
availability to the general public. That’s why, after a century, it’s still the most widely used <br />
form of disinfection in the world today.<br />
<br />
<br />
Water Online • www.wateronline.com <br />
2EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-48516133763778663412016-11-15T14:02:00.000-08:002016-11-15T14:02:38.203-08:00The best Scientist Does Chlorine<br />
Get a Bad Rap?<br />
When it comes to disinfection at treatment plants, chlorine has quite the reputation. To some, it’s <br />
known as a reliable and trusted solution. To many others, especially among the public at large, <br />
it’s looked at with skepticism and concern – but that may be simply a matter of not knowing the <br />
facts. Either way, it’s one of the ubiquitous aspects of water and wastewater disinfection… and for <br />
good reason.<br />
<br />
To separate fact from fiction and clear up exactly how chlorine should be utilized at treatment <br />
plants, we spoke with Evoqua Water Technologies’ Daryl Weatherup, director of marketing for the <br />
company’s Wallace & Tiernan brand. He walked us through the different forms chlorine can take, its <br />
reputation among the industry and ratepayers, and how to determine its best use at a given plant.<br />
<br />
How is chlorine utilized at treatment plants?<br />
Chlorine is used in many water and wastewater applications, not only in the U.S. but around the <br />
world. It really has been the most predominant method of disinfection for the past century.<br />
<br />
What’s different about chlorination, though, is that it’s not just available in one format. There <br />
are several formats that it is available in: gaseous chlorine, liquid sodium hypochlorite (bleach <br />
being the common household name), dry or solid form tablets or pellets of calcium hypochlorite, and <br />
then the fourth main way to apply chlorine in water and wastewater systems is actually generated <br />
onsite through the electrochlorination of brine or saltwater solutions.<br />
<br />
Do you think that chlorine has the reputation that it deserves?<br />
I think there are two sides to the reputation of chlorine and chlorination. On the one hand, <br />
chlorine has a great reputation as being a widely used disinfectant that has really transformed <br />
the water industry and improved human health, environmental water quality, and sanitation over the <br />
last 100 years.<br />
But there’s also a negative side to it. When chlorine’s applied in the right amount to the <br />
controlled process, it is a good<br />
<br />
disinfectant. But if it is released in a spill or leak in higher doses, it can be harmful. I think <br />
that is where some of the negative connotation comes about and the reputation it has as being <br />
potentially unsafe.<br />
<br />
Do you think that reputation it has as a dangerous chemical is more prevalent among ratepayers or <br />
with the professionals who are actually disinfecting water?<br />
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I think it’s a little bit of both. At the consumer ratepayer level, they get a lot of their <br />
information through the media, and the media doesn’t always report safety incidents in the right <br />
way. Oftentimes there are accidents that happen that are not caused by chlorine but get reported as <br />
involving chlorine. At least in the U.S., there are a higher number of safety incidents with other <br />
liquid chemicals and other dangerous substances in treatment plants than there are with chlorine <br />
gas.<br />
<br />
On the professional level, there is competition with other methods of disinfection. Some <br />
are chemical-free but provide no residual disinfectant, which is required in municipal water <br />
distribution. Those that offer chemical-free solutions might add to the negative reputation that <br />
chlorine can have.<br />
What advances in process and technology are making chlorine safer today?<br />
There are quite a few things that have changed over the last 100 years with the way chlorination is <br />
done today. It started out in<br />
1913 with the first commercial chlorinator, and the technology has improved quite a bit since. <br />
The main things that have changed are the engineering methods available, the materials of <br />
construction available — metal alloys, engineered plastics, and so forth — that have really <br />
allowed us to improve the quality of the actual chlorine dosing systems themselves, the <br />
chlorinators. We’ve engineered chlorinators to be more durable, have fewer moving parts, and be <br />
inherently safe.<br />
Aside from that, there are additional devices that help make the overall chlorination systems <br />
safer, such as double- check valves and seals, safety shut-off valves, or emergency vapor <br />
scrubbers — also manufactured by Evoqua — which can scrub all of the chlorine gas out of a room <br />
even in the event of a full-scale release. We’ve manufactured this for our systems as a secondary <br />
safety system. There are other ancillary items, like gas detection systems and fire safety doors,<br />
that can go towards making the overall system very, very safe.<br />
<br />
What alternatives to chlorination are out there?<br />
There are no other alternative methods that provide the same cost-effective benefits as <br />
chlorination or are as widely used<br />
as chlorination. There are other methods that are called “alternate disinfectants,,,” <br />
including UV and ozone, as well as various other types of disinfectants that are innovative but not <br />
as widely used.<br />
<br />
How should a treatment plant assess the different forms of chlorine that exist and make a selection <br />
on which one is the best for them?<br />
This is probably the question I receive the most. The best answer that I can give is that it’s <br />
really a local decision that needs to take<br />
into account several factors. It is not just about capital costs or operating costs alone.<br />
<br />
We work with the water utility and ask them what their decision-making factors and drivers <br />
are. Are there any environmental concerns? Is the facility in a rural area or an urban area? What’s <br />
the distance away from the nearest chemical supplier?<br />
<br />
Beyond that, we look at their water-quality<br />
<br />
goals and disinfection targets, along with the capacity and treated flow rate. That will determine <br />
what the total chlorine demand is. We also take into consideration, from that, how often they might <br />
need to order chemicals.<br />
<br />
As a manufacturer of all four types of chlorination systems, not to mention UV, we offer expertise <br />
on which format of<br />
chlorine is best for the given application. I think it’s important to have a well-balanced view of <br />
what is available and not be pushed towards one method or another. Additionally, there are <br />
consultants we work with who also specialize in this selection process. The U.S. EPA and AWWA <br />
both offer information about selecting disinfectants and have published resource manuals on<br />
those as well.<br />
If someone tells you they believe using chlorine as a disinfectant is dangerous, how do you <br />
respond?<br />
<br />
Anything can be dangerous when it’s mishandled, and that chlorine is by far the safest, most <br />
widely used, and most reliable form of disinfection. One of the things that works against switching <br />
away from chlorination to other methods is typically the cost, the reliability, and the <br />
availability to the general public. That’s why, after a century, it’s still the most widely used <br />
form of disinfection in the world today.<br />
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Water Online • www.wateronline.com <br />
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EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3639335960300464264.post-61498632845048346042016-11-15T14:01:00.001-08:002016-11-15T14:01:50.079-08:00Dura-Grip™ SLIP RESISTANT EPOXY WITH GRIT PRODUCT DATA SHEET<br />
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CHARACTERISTICS<br />
Dura-Grip is a Water Based Epoxy Ester<br />
coating specifically designed to provide skid resistant durable textured coating for foot traffic <br />
on steel, fiber<br />
glass, treated aluminum, concrete and properly primed wood substrates. Dura-Grip is ideal on boats, <br />
trailers, laundry rooms, on steps and ramps, and a variety of Light Industrial, Commercial and <br />
Residential areas.<br />
Color: ........................................... 12 Colors Available Coverage: ................. <br />
................. .................400 ft2/gal Recommended: <br />
......................................... 400 ft2/gal<br />
@ 4 mils wet .............................................. 1.5 mils dry<br />
Drying Time @ 77°F (25°C), 50% Relative Humidity<br />
Temperature and humidity dependent<br />
Touch: ...................................... 30 - 40 min. Tack Free Recoat or Topcoat: <br />
.................................. 1 – 2 hours Dry Hard: <br />
....................................................... 72 hours Full Cure: <br />
...................................................... 5-7 days<br />
Flash Point:................................................... > 212° F Finish: ......... S/G <br />
Textured (50-60 units @ 60° Gloss) Cleanup: <br />
............................................................ Water Vehicle Type: <br />
........................................... Epoxy Ester<br />
VOC (less exempt solvent):160 - 180 g/L.,1.3 – 1.55 lb/gal<br />
Volume Solids: ................................................. 36.7%<br />
Weight Solids: .................................................. 46.1%<br />
Weight/Gallon: ............................................ 8.5 – 10.1<br />
Measured Static Friction of Coating Surfaces: ASTM C 4518-91 Steel-0.158 Rubber –0.742<br />
A.I.M. category: Non-flat Interior/Exterior Coatings<br />
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Mildew - Remove from exposed wood or other surfac before painting by washing with a solution of <br />
1-part liq household bleach and 3 parts of water. Apply the solut and scrub the mildewed area. <br />
Allow the solution to remain on the surface for 10 minutes. Rinse thoroughl with water and allow <br />
the surface to dry before painting Wear protective eyewear, waterproof gloves and protective <br />
clothing. Quickly wash off any of the mixtur that comes in contact with your skin or eyes. Do not a <br />
detergents or ammonia to the bleach/water solution. APPLICATON<br />
Mix Dura-Grip thoroughly before and during each application! Apply with brush, roller or squeegee. <br />
Avoi painting late in the day when dew or condensation is likely to form or when rain is <br />
threatening. Apply when the temperature is 50° F (10° C) min., 90° F (32°C) m (air, surface and <br />
material), at least 5° F above dew poi The relative humidity should be 85% maximum. Do no apply to <br />
porous substrates new wood, plywood, exteri drywall, etc. if the substrates have a moisture content <br />
greater than 15%. In most cases, use at mixed consistency. Do not expose subject surfaces to foot <br />
traffic in less than 72 hrs. More time may be necessar depending upon atmospheric conditions.<br />
Brush - No reduction is necessary. Use a nylon/polyester brush.<br />
Roller - No reduction is necessary. Use a 3/8” woven nap with a phenolic core.<br />
Squeegee - Flat Rubber<br />
GENERAL SURFACE PREP<br />
Surfaces must be clean, dry and free from contaminants such as, oil, waxes, grease, dirt, mildew or <br />
other foreign contaminants. Shiny surfaces should be de-glossed by lightly sanding or using a <br />
chemical de-glosser before using Dura-Grip. For wood surfaces, one coat of exterior oil base primer <br />
recommended over clean dry<br />
wood substrates. For concrete, clean with tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) and a firm bristle brush. <br />
Rinse area thoroughly with water. New and smooth dense concrete will require an acid etch before <br />
any application of Firm Foot. Aluminum and other non-ferrous metals should be treated with an <br />
aluminum acid etch preparation available at most paint / hardware stores. Over ferrous metals a<br />
solvent based primer, will provide additional rust prevention. Fiberglass should be lightly sanded <br />
or wiped with acetone before application.<br />
Supersedes previous data sheets for this product.<br />
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Note: Epoxies and Epoxy Esters may need to be recoated every 1-2 yr. on Exterior exposures due to <br />
the damaging affects of UV degradation.<br />
CLEANUP INFORMATION<br />
Clean hands and tools immediately with soap and warm water.<br />
CAUTIONS<br />
Protect from freezing. This product contains solvents and/or other chemical ingredients. Adequate <br />
health and safety precautions should be observed during storage, handling, use and drying periods.<br />
READ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT<br />
LIMITATIONS<br />
The technical data and suggestions for use in this product data sheet are currently correct to the <br />
best of our knowledge, but are subject to change without notice. Because application and conditions <br />
vary, and are beyond our control, we are not responsible for results obtained in using this <br />
product, even when used as suggested. The user should conduct tests to determine the suitability of <br />
the product for the intended use (including liability for breach of warranty, strict liability in <br />
tort, negligence or otherwise) is limited exclusively to replacement of the product or refund of <br />
its price. Under no circumstance are<br />
we liable for incidental and consequential damages.<br />
EMILIO MALAGUTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12993974750253168290noreply@blogger.com0